Epidemics of a wide variety of infectious diseases were constantly recorded in Russia. Asian cholera occupied a special place among epidemic diseases. In 1892, cholera was imported into the Russian Empire through the Black Sea ports, which reached the territory of the Kuban region by the summer of the same year. In 1892, about 300 thousand people died of cholera in Russia. They still did not know how to treat this terrible disease, did not know its mechanism of spread, as well as the peculiarities of its course. The article, prepared on the basis of an analysis of documentary data from the Archive Department of the administration of the municipal formation of the city of Novorossiysk and the archival Department of the Administration of the municipal formation of the Mostovsky district, examines the cholera epidemic that swept the territories of the Kuban region in 1892 and 1910. The authors characterize the main factors that contributed to the rapid spread of infection and assess the measures that were taken to combat the disease: the implementation of anti-cholera measures organized by the authorities was greatly hampered by the lack of education, prejudices and superstitions of the vast majority of the population; representatives of the nonresident population not only did not comply with basic standards of personal hygiene, but also expressed distrust, and sometimes and hostility towards doctors. Using archival data, the authors investigate the impact of infectious diseases on the demographic indicators of these settlements.

This article reviews the major devices, individuals, and other historical landmarks in the development of suction in the field of neurosurgery, where the operating fields are characteristically deep and narrow. Our review spans the 159 years since the first use of aspiration in surgery to modern applications. This report exemplifies a comprehensive history of suction, the minute iteration of devices, and the massive impact this technological development has had on medicine and neurosurgery.

We reconstruct the life path of the Argentine nurse and popular activist Irma Carrica, understood as a political-professional experience tied to her social networks and marked by conflicts and contradictions inherent to her historical context. From this analytical perspective and considering the precautions suggested by the biographical method of social sciences, we delve into the political and health debates of the 1960s and 1970s, particularly concerning disputes over the meaning of \"community\" in the health field. Specifically, we focus on the contributions of a collective historical actor - heterogeneous and plural, yet identifiable in its various forms - that we have termed the Peronist Left in health. By analyzing their professional and intellectual networks, we emphasize the role played by Irma Carrica as a representative of this Peronist Left in health, in constructing alternative dynamics for community health approaches, which challenged the dominant epistemological and pedagogical paradigms.
Reconstruimos la trayectoria de vida de la enfermera y militante popular argentina Irma Carrica, entendida como una experiencia político-profesional ligada a sus redes de sociabilidad y atravesada por conflictos y contradicciones inherentes a su contexto histórico. Desde ese recorte analítico y teniendo en cuenta los recaudos sugeridos por el método biográfico de las ciencias sociales, nos adentramos en los debates político-sanitarios de las décadas de 1960 y 1970, principalmente en lo relativo a las disputas por el sentido de la “comunidad” en el campo de la salud. En particular, nos enfocamos en las contribuciones de un actor histórico colectivo –heterogéneo y plural, pero identificable en sus distintas modulaciones– que hemos denominado izquierda peronista en salud. Al analizar sus redes profesionales e intelectuales, hicimos hincapié en el rol que desempeñó Irma Carrica como referente de esa izquierda peronista en salud, a la hora de construir dinámicas alternativas para el abordaje comunitario en salud, que pusieron en tela de juicio los paradigmas epistemológicos y pedagógicos dominantes.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality in recent times. The last decade has represented a true revolution with the development of the integrated histo-molecular classification of EC, which allows for the stratification of patients with morphologically indistinguishable disease into groups with different prognoses. Particularly, the POLE-mutated subgroup exhibits outstanding survival. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate application of molecular classification appears premature. Its prognostic significance has been proven mainly in endometrioid EC, the most common histotype, but it has yet to be convincingly confirmed in the other minor histotypes, which indeed account for a relevant proportion of EC mortality. Moreover, its daily use both requires a mindful pathologist who is able to correctly evaluate and unambiguously report immunohistochemical staining used as a surrogated diagnostic tool and is hampered by the unavailability of POLE mutation analysis. Further molecular characterization of ECs is needed to allow for the identification of better-tailored therapies in different settings, as well as the safe avoidance of surgery for fertility preservation. Hopefully, the numerous ongoing clinical trials in the adjuvant and metastatic settings of EC will likely produce evidence to refine the histo-molecular classification and therapeutic guidelines. Our review aims to retrace the origin and evolution of the molecular classification for EC, reveal its strengths and limitations, show clinical relevance, and uncover the desired future developments.

Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological pathologies. It consists of the formation of a longitudinal tear in the anoderm, causing pain and bleeding during and after defecation. When chronic, it can significantly negatively impact the quality of life of the affected patient. Currently, multiple therapeutic options are available, both medical and surgical. The objective of this article is to highlight the historical evolution in the physiopathological understanding and treatment of this disease, underlining the key moments in this history. This is the first article to summarize the milestones in the treatment of anal fissure from ancient to current times.

Macro-amputations are extremely serious traumas and represent one of the rare extreme emergencies in hand and upper limb surgery. Their rarity, especially in our developed countries, makes their treatment relatively unknown by surgical and anesthetic teams. However, the action plan to use during a macro-reimplantation, the decisive elements of pre- and post-operative management, and the key stages of the surgery, must be perfectly known, because they determine the success of a major reimplantation, for the limb survival and the future functional result. After a brief historical overview, the literature review proposed here provides an opportunity for an update on these formidable injuries and propose a treatment algorithm to guide the medical team in the management of these complex patients.

The modern period of neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina began with the first neurosurgical procedure performed by Dr. Karl Bayer in 1891 on 3 patients with depressed skull fractures and epilepsy. In 1956 the Department of Surgery in Sarajevo designated several beds specifically for a neurosurgical unit. A significant milestone in the history of neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the establishment of the Division of Neurosurgery at the Clinical Center University of Sarajevo in 1970. The first neurosurgeon to complete his training in Bosnia and Herzegovina was Dr. Faruk Konjhodžić. The first female neurosurgeon was Dr. Nermina Iblizović. Presently, there are 7 neurosurgical departments in the country, located in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar, Banja Luka, Bihać, and Foča. The Association of Neurosurgeons in Bosnia and Herzegovina, founded in 2003, is a member of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. The aim of this historical paper is to provide a concise chronology of important events and mention key individuals who have contributed to the development of modern neurosurgery in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In light of ongoing shortage of donor organs for transplantation, alternative sources for donor organ sources have been examined to address this supply-demand mismatch. Of these, xenotransplantation, or the transplantation of organs across species, has been considered, with early applications dating back to the 1600s. The purpose of this review is to summarize the early experiences of xenotransplantation, with special focus on heart xenotransplantation. It aims to highlight the important ethical concerns of animal-to-human heart xenotransplantation, identify the key immunological barriers to successful long-term xenograft survival, as well as summarize the progress made in terms of development of pharmacological and genetic engineering strategies to address these barriers. Lastly, we discuss more recent attempts of porcine-to-human heart xenotransplantation, as well as provide some commentary on the current concerns and possible applications for future clinical heart xenotransplantation.

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