Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological pathologies. It consists of the formation of a longitudinal tear in the anoderm, causing pain and bleeding during and after defecation. When chronic, it can significantly negatively impact the quality of life of the affected patient. Currently, multiple therapeutic options are available, both medical and surgical. The objective of this article is to highlight the historical evolution in the physiopathological understanding and treatment of this disease, underlining the key moments in this history. This is the first article to summarize the milestones in the treatment of anal fissure from ancient to current times.

UNASSIGNED: The concept of endoscopic surgery began in the 1930s and has since undergone numerous advancements in both technology and surgical indications. Its main benefit is providing the opportunity to perform surgery while minimizing disruption to surrounding structures. The purpose of this review is to summarize the history, uses, and future directions for spine endoscopic surgery.
UNASSIGNED: A review of national databases was performing using key terms \"endoscopic\", \"spine\" and \"surgery\" for literature from 1900 to 2023. Studies that aimed to describe the utilities of endoscopic surgeries, associated outcomes, limitations, and future directions were included. Studies that were not in English were excluded.
UNASSIGNED: This review includes a brief overview of the history of endoscopic surgery and its current two main approaches, transforaminal and interlaminar approaches. It then summarizes the main indications and utilization of endoscopic surgery in the lumbar, cervical and thoracic spine, as well as expansion in managing spine tumors, infections, and outpatient surgical cases.
UNASSIGNED: There are many rising indications and uses for endoscopic spine surgery in nearly every aspect of the spine. Compared to conventional spine surgery, there is early evidence showing endoscopic surgery is associated with less post-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, and possibly quicker recovery times. As current trends in spine surgery move towards minimally invasive techniques, it is anticipated that the use of endoscopic surgery will continue to expand.

Green leafy vegetables, especially microgreens are gaining popularity due to their high nutritional profiles, rich phytochemical content, and intense flavors. This review explores the growing commercial market for microgreens, especially in upscale dining and premium grocery outlets, highlighting consumer perceptions and their effect on market dynamics. Apart from these, the effect of modern agricultural methods that maximize the growth of microgreens is also examined. The value is anticipated to increase significantly, according to market predictions, from $1.7 billion in 2022 to $2.61 billion by 2029. Positive consumer views on microgreens health benefits drive this growth, although challenges such as varying levels of consumer awareness and income disparities affect sales. The review underscores the need for targeted research and strategic initiatives to enhance consumer understanding and improve cultivation methods to support market expansion in upcoming years.

Between 1913 and 1917, The Psychoanalytic Review published several studies that argued for a distinct Black psyche. They were edited by the journal\'s co-founder, William Alanson White, and conducted by the staff at Saint Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, where White served as superintendent. This article provides a brief historical context for better understanding of why and how The Review paid attention to the comparative study of race.

BACKGROUND: Upon the release of the selection results of \"Qin Medicine,\" numerous Chinese herbal medicines and proprietary Chinese medicines have regained attention. Physochlainae Radix (Huashanshen), a herbal medicine named after Mount Hua, the prominent peak in the Qinling Mountains, has garnered particular interest. Despite this, the impact of Physochlainae Radix and Qin medicines as a whole remains significantly overshadowed by the renown of Mount Hua.
METHODS: Search on Using \"Physochlainae Radix\" as the keyword; searches were conducted across China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, WIP Database, PubMed, Web of Science, and the National Library of China databases.
RESULTS: This study presents an overview of Physochlainae Radix by reviewing its history, chemical composition, preparation methods, planting and cultivation practices, concoctions, alkaloid detection, contraindications for use, resource recycling, and predicting quality markers.
CONCLUSIONS: To facilitate the further application and development of Physochlainae Radix, this study also addresses the challenges in the development of Qin medicines and proposes potential solutions.

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Preterm birth presents a significant challenge in clinical obstetrics, requiring effective strategies to reduce associated mortality and morbidity risks. Tocolytic drugs, aimed at inhibiting uterine contractions, are a key aspect of addressing this challenge. Despite extensive research over many years, determining the most effective tocolytic agents remains a complex task, prompting better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of spontaneous preterm birth and recording meaningful outcome measures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various obsolete and current tocolytic drug regimens that were instituted over the past century, examining both historical contexts and contemporary challenges in their development and adoption. The examination of historical debates and advancements highlights the complexity of introducing new therapies. While the search for effective tocolytics continues, questions arise regarding their actual benefits in obstetric care and the necessity for ongoing exploration. The presence of methodological limitations in current research emphasizes the importance of well-designed randomized controlled trials with robust endpoints and extended follow-up periods.In response to these complexities, the consideration of shifting towards prevention strategies aimed at addressing the root causes of preterm labor becomes more and more evident. This potential shift may offer a more effective approach than relying solely on tocolytics to delay labor initiation.Ultimately, effectively managing threatened preterm birth necessitates ongoing investigation, innovation, and a willingness to reassess strategies in pursuit of optimal outcomes for mothers, neonates, and long-term child health.

Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental health conditions characterised by impaired eating behaviours and nutrition as well as disturbed body image, entailing considerable mortality and morbidity. Psychopharmacological medication is an important component in the treatment of EDs. In this review, we performed a historic analysis of pharmacotherapeutic research in EDs based on the scientific studies included in the recently published World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for ED treatment. This analysis focuses on early approaches and trends in the methods of clinical pharmacological research in EDs, for example, the sample sizes of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We found the development of psychopharmacological treatments for EDs followed advancements in psychiatric pharmacotherapy. However, the application of RCTs to the study of pharmacotherapy for EDs may be an impediment as limited participant numbers and inadequate research funding impede generalisability and statistical power. Moreover, current medication usage often deviates from guideline recommendations. In conclusion, the RCT model may not effectively capture the complexities of ED treatment, and funding limitations hinder research activity. Novel genetically/biologically based treatments are warranted. A more comprehensive understanding of EDs and individualised approaches should guide research and drug development for improved treatment outcomes.

The development of the cardiogenetics field in Germany has been increasing since the mid-1990s with many national contributions, some of them were really important and groundbreaking. The starting point was and still is the patient and his family, e.g. with a familial form of arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy, the clarification of the genetic cause and the personalized treatment of those being affected. The scientific, always translationally oriented interest in identifying a causative gene and uncovering the underlying pathomechanisms has led to notable contributions for Brugada syndrome, short QT syndrome and cardiac conduction disorders or sinus node dysfunction, but also in DCM or ARVC. What is important, however, is always the way back (bench > bed side): implementation of national and international recommendations for cardiogenetic diagnostics in daily cardiological routine and the personalized care and therapy of those being affected.
UNASSIGNED: Die Entwicklung des Kardiogenetik in Deutschland hat seit der Mitte der 90er Jahre eine zunehmende Entwicklung mit vielen eigenen, zum Teil wichtigen und wegweisenden Beiträge. Ausgangspunkt war und ist immer noch der Patient mit seiner Familie, z. B. mit einer familiären Arrhythmieform oder einer Kardiomyopathie, die Aufklärung der genetischen Ursache und die personalisierte Behandlung der Betroffenen.  Das wissenschaftliche, immer transnational orientierte Interesse, ein ursächliches Gen zu identifizieren und den zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismus aufzudecken, hat beim Brugada-Syndrom, Kurzen QT-Syndrom und Erregungsleitungsstörung oder Sinusknotendysfunktion, aber auch bei DCM oder ARVC zu beachteten Beiträgen geführt. Wichtig ist jedoch der Weg zurück (bench > bed side): Implementierung von nationalen wie internationalen Empfehlungen zur kardiogenetischen Diagnostik in die kardiologische Versorgung und die personalisierte Betreuung und Therapie Betroffener.

The endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease, etiology and pathogenesis of which are not fully clear to science. Its consequences are hardest burden for health care, society and every female patient and her family. The presented review tries to answer in historical aspect the question of interest to all scientists - why endometriosis, known to science for more than 300 years, still remains \"disease of riddles and assumptions\"? The search of publications was implemented in such databases as Web of Science, eLibrary, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE. The search was based on keywords \"history\", \"endometriosis\", \"review\", \"myths\", \"authorship\", \"infertility\", \"reproductive dysfunction\". The study covered full-text sources and publications reviews related to subject under study. The articles having no direct relation to the topic of endometriosis were excluded from the review. The review demonstrated that as before pathogenesis of endometriosis remains enigmatic and complex. The more and more evidences appear that endometriosis is part of syndrome of uterus reproductive dysfunction. Hence necessity in further research and experimental designs in this area. Perhaps in nearest future scientists nevertheless will find the clue to single etiopathogenetic mechanism of development of endometriosis which at a later date will be successfully applied by physicians in diagnostic and treatment of this disease.

Esophagogastric cancers are among the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. This review traces their chronology from 3000 BCE to the present. The first several thousand years were devoted to palliation, before advances in operative technique and technology led to the first curative surgery in 1913. Systemic therapies were introduced in 1910, and radiotherapy shortly thereafter. Operative technique improved massively over the 20th century, with operative mortality rates reducing from over 50% in 1933 to less than 5% by 1981. In addition to important roles in palliation, endoscopy became a key nonsurgical curative option for patients with limited-stage disease by the 1990s. The first nonrandomized studies on combination therapies (chemotherapy ± radiation ± surgery) were reported in the early 1980s, with survival benefit only for subsets of patients. Randomized trials over the next decades had similar overall results, with increasing nuance. Disparate conclusions led to regional variation in global practice. Starting with the first FDA approval in 2017, multiple immunotherapies now encompass more indications and earlier lines of therapy. As standards of care incorporate these effective yet expensive therapies, care must be given to disparities and methods for increasing access.