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Agroforestry systems promise a high multifunctionality providing cash and subsistence yields as well as other ecosystem services. Such land systems may be particularly promising for smallholders in tropical landscapes due to high labour intensity and productivity on limited land. Focusing on Madagascar, we here describe the history of agroforestry in the country and review the current literature on agroforestry outcomes as well as factors promoting and hindering agroforest establishment and maintenance. From this, we discuss the potential future of agroforestry in Madagascar. Historically, many crops farmed today in agroforestry systems were originally introduced as plantation crops, mostly in the nineteenth century. Since then, people co-opted these crops into mixed agroforestry systems, often focusing on clove, vanilla, coffee, or cocoa in combination with fruit trees or, for clove, with livestock. Other crops are also integrated, but shares are comparatively low. Overall, 27.4% of Malagasy exports are crops typically farmed in agroforestry systems, providing income for at least 500,000 farmers. Outcomes of agroforestry for biodiversity and ecosystem services are commonly researched, showing benefits over annual crops and monocultures. Social-economic outcomes, including yields, are more scarcely researched, but findings point towards financial benefits for smallholder farmers and a sense of community and collective memory. However, findings emphasize that research gaps remain in terms of geographic and crop coverage, also for ecological outcomes. Looking to the future, we highlight the need to overcome hurdles such as land tenure insecurity, financial barriers to implementation, and unstable value chains to scale agroforestry in Madagascar to the benefit of multifunctional land systems and human wellbeing.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y.

UNASSIGNED: Aristotle\'s tripartite concept of man-body, soul and spirit-formed the basis of the Galenic system that distinguished nurturing, vitalizing and animating tributary domains, governed by the liver, heart and brain, respectively. The Gothic cathedral structures into similar tripartite arrangements of nave, choir and sanctuary. We studied whether consistent parallels can be found between the Galenic concept of man, the Galenic heart itself and the structuring of the Gothic cathedral.
UNASSIGNED: Galenic literature along with scholastic texts were reviewed. Examples of Gothic cathedrals were visited and studied in locations. We used medieval analytical tools to compare characteristics of cathedral architecture and contemporary concepts on man and the heart.
UNASSIGNED: Consistent parallels were found between the Galenic system and the structural parts of the Gothic cathedral. The principle of homology, intrinsic to both the Galenic system and Gothic architecture, identified the same tripartite organization in the Galenic heart itself and the segments could be projected onto the cathedral structure. Thus, the physical/nurturing domain was identified with the right ventricle inlet and the nave; the psychological/vitalizing domain corresponded with the right ventricle outlet/interventricular septum and the cathedral\'s choir; the animating/spiritual domain paralleled with the left ventricle/aortic valve and the sanctuary in the cathedral.
UNASSIGNED: The Aristotelian/Galenic tripartite concept appears consistent with Gothic architecture and both provided a comprehensive view of the world; their relationship stems in a common philosophical and symbolic foundation. The tripartite interpretation was so coherent that it effectively delayed recognition of circulation and the heart\'s role in it.

Cognitive neuroscience seeks to pinpoint the neural basis of cognitive function. Application of scientific methods can be credited for its advancement within the field of psychology. Past approaches such as phrenology, that linked bumps on the skull to mental capabilities, initially gained popularity, but the lack of experimental testing contributed to its demise. Research in neuropsychology and the use of the double dissociation experimental technique subsequently emerged. Objective measurements of behaviour following selective damage within the brain led to a paradigm shift. More recently, application of the subtraction technique, coupled with the emergence of cognitive neuroimaging tools, has allowed psychologists to isolate and measure specific functions such as language, vision, memory, and recognition of emotion. Importantly, these approaches enable reliable prediction of behaviours, given parameters of brain integrity, a key goal within the field of psychology.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an isolated decrease in platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The pathogenesis is complex, affecting multiple components of the immune system and causing both peripheral destruction of platelets and inadequate production in the bone marrow. In this article, we review the treatment of ITP from a historical perspective, discussing first line and second line treatments, and management of refractory disease.

BACKGROUND: The history of rare diseases is largely unknown. Research on this topic has focused on individual cases of prominent (historical) individuals and artistic (e.g., iconographic) representations. Medical collections include large numbers of specimens that exhibit signs of rare diseases, but most of them date to relatively recent periods. However, cases of rare diseases detected in mummies and skeletal remains derived from archaeological excavations have also been recorded. Nevertheless, this direct evidence from historical and archaeological contexts is mainly absent from academic discourse and generally not consulted in medical research on rare diseases.
RESULTS: This desideratum is addressed by the Digital Atlas of Ancient Rare Diseases (DAARD: https://daard.dainst.org ), which is an open access/open data database and web-based mapping tool that collects evidence of different rare diseases found in skeletons and mummies globally and throughout all historic and prehistoric time periods. This easily searchable database allows queries by diagnosis, the preservation level of human remains, research methodology, place of curation and publications. In this manuscript, the design and functionality of the DAARD are illustrated using examples of achondroplasia and other types of stunted growth.
CONCLUSIONS: As an open, collaborative repository for collecting, mapping and querying well-structured medical data on individuals from ancient times, the DAARD opens new avenues of research. Over time, the number of rare diseases will increase through the addition of new cases from varied backgrounds such as museum collections and archaeological excavations. Depending on the research question, phenotypic or genetic information can be retrieved, as well as information on the general occurrence of a rare disease in selected space-time intervals. Furthermore, for individuals diagnosed with a rare disease, this approach can help them to build identity and reveal an aspect of their condition they might not have been aware of. Thus, the DAARD contributes to the understanding of rare diseases from a long-term perspective and adds to the latest medical research.

This work provides a comprehensive review of the history, status, and genetic characteristics of cattle breeds in Kazakhstan. The current breeding status is analysed, including information on popular breeds such as Kazakh white-headed, Auliekol, Alatau, Aulieata, and Kalmyk, their production and economic significance. An overview of genetic studies using DNA fingerprinting, microsatellites, and SNPs aimed at identifying unique characteristics, genetic diversity, and genes under selection, as well as markers of economically important and productive traits of Kazakh cattle breeds, is also provided. The study examined the genetic structure of the Kazakh white-headed and Alatau breeds based on whole-genome SNP genotyping. Unique genetic components characterizing Kazakhstan cattle breeds were described, and comparisons were made with genetic data from other breeds. Structural analysis showed that the Kazakh white-headed breed contains genetic components of the Hereford, Kalmyk, and Altai cattle. The Alatau breed has a composite structure, containing components of the Brown Swiss, Braunvieh, Kalmyk, and Holstein breeds. The results not only reveal the genetic diversity and characteristics of cattle breeds in Kazakhstan and the historical development and current state of animal husbandry in the country, but also emphasize the importance of further research to identify adaptive and unique genetic markers affecting economically important traits of local breeds.
В этой работе мы представляем обзор истории происхождения, текущего состояния и генетических особенностей пород крупного рогатого скота (КРС) Казахстана. Отражена информация о современном состоянии разведения, в том числе о пяти наиболее популярных локальных породах – казахской белоголовой, аулиекольской, алатауской, аулиеатинской и калмыцкой, в рамках их производственной и экономической значимости. Приведен обзор генетических исследований по этим породам, направленных на выявление их уникальных характеристик, генетического разнообразия и генов, находящихся под давлением отбора, а также ДНК-маркеров экономически важных и продуктивных признаков казахстанских пород КРС. Представлены также оригинальные данные по особенностям генетической структуры казахской белоголовой и алатауской пород на основе результатов полногеномного генотипирования однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов. Описаны уникальные генетические компоненты, характеризующие эти породы КРС Казахстана, и проведено их сравнение с генетической структурой популяций этих же и других пород из Российской Федерации. Структурный анализ показал, что казахская белоголовая порода содержит генетические компоненты герефордской и калмыцкой пород, а также алтайского скота. Алатауская порода имеет композитную структуру и содержит компоненты бурой швицкой, браунви, калмыцкой и голштинской пород. Результаты демонстрируют генетическое разнообразие и особенности пород КРС Казахстана, развитие и текущее состояние скотоводства в стране, а также подчеркивают необходимость более детальных исследований для выявления генетических маркеров адаптации и экономически важных признаков местных пород.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality in recent times. The last decade has represented a true revolution with the development of the integrated histo-molecular classification of EC, which allows for the stratification of patients with morphologically indistinguishable disease into groups with different prognoses. Particularly, the POLE-mutated subgroup exhibits outstanding survival. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate application of molecular classification appears premature. Its prognostic significance has been proven mainly in endometrioid EC, the most common histotype, but it has yet to be convincingly confirmed in the other minor histotypes, which indeed account for a relevant proportion of EC mortality. Moreover, its daily use both requires a mindful pathologist who is able to correctly evaluate and unambiguously report immunohistochemical staining used as a surrogated diagnostic tool and is hampered by the unavailability of POLE mutation analysis. Further molecular characterization of ECs is needed to allow for the identification of better-tailored therapies in different settings, as well as the safe avoidance of surgery for fertility preservation. Hopefully, the numerous ongoing clinical trials in the adjuvant and metastatic settings of EC will likely produce evidence to refine the histo-molecular classification and therapeutic guidelines. Our review aims to retrace the origin and evolution of the molecular classification for EC, reveal its strengths and limitations, show clinical relevance, and uncover the desired future developments.

Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological pathologies. It consists of the formation of a longitudinal tear in the anoderm, causing pain and bleeding during and after defecation. When chronic, it can significantly negatively impact the quality of life of the affected patient. Currently, multiple therapeutic options are available, both medical and surgical. The objective of this article is to highlight the historical evolution in the physiopathological understanding and treatment of this disease, underlining the key moments in this history. This is the first article to summarize the milestones in the treatment of anal fissure from ancient to current times.

In light of ongoing shortage of donor organs for transplantation, alternative sources for donor organ sources have been examined to address this supply-demand mismatch. Of these, xenotransplantation, or the transplantation of organs across species, has been considered, with early applications dating back to the 1600s. The purpose of this review is to summarize the early experiences of xenotransplantation, with special focus on heart xenotransplantation. It aims to highlight the important ethical concerns of animal-to-human heart xenotransplantation, identify the key immunological barriers to successful long-term xenograft survival, as well as summarize the progress made in terms of development of pharmacological and genetic engineering strategies to address these barriers. Lastly, we discuss more recent attempts of porcine-to-human heart xenotransplantation, as well as provide some commentary on the current concerns and possible applications for future clinical heart xenotransplantation.