Ginsenosides

人参皂苷
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种慢性结肠炎性疾病。人参皂苷可能是治疗UC的理想药物。然而,其疗效和安全性尚不清楚。我们旨在进行系统评价,以评估人参皂苷在UC动物模型中的作用和潜在机制。
    方法:将搜索六个电子数据库(PubMed,Embase,WebofScience,中国知网(CNKI),中国科技期刊数据库(CQVIP),和万方数据知识)。系统列表将用于评估文献质量,和STATA15.1用于数据分析。时间-剂量效应分析将用于揭示人参皂苷与UC之间的时间-剂量反应关系。
    结果:最终,纳入了涉及300只动物的15项研究.初步证据表明,人参皂苷可以降低疾病活动指数(DAI)评分,减肥,组织学结肠炎评分(HCS),脾脏重量,丙二醛(MDA),髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β),白细胞介素6(IL-6),肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和增加结肠长度(CL),髓过氧化物酶(GSH),白细胞介素4(IL-4),白细胞介素10(IL-10),ZonulaOccludens-1(ZO-1)和occludin。时间-剂量间隔分析结果表明,人参皂苷的剂量为5-200mg/kg,干预时间为7-28天相对有效。
    结论:临床前证据表明人参皂苷是治疗UC的一种新方法。人参皂苷治疗UC的作用机制可能涉及抗炎,抗氧化剂,屏障保护,肠道菌群调节,和免疫调节。虽然,由于高度的异质性,需要进一步的大规模和高质量的临床前研究来检查人参皂苷对UC的保护作用。
    BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. Ginsenoside may be an ideal agent for UC treatment. However, its efficacy and safety are unknown. We aim to conduct a systematic evaluation to assess the effects and potential mechanisms of ginsenosides in animal models of UC.
    METHODS: Six electronic databases will be searched (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Knowledge Network (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (CQVIP), and Wanfang Data Knowledge). SYRCLE list will be used to assess the quality of literature, and STATA 15.1 for data analysis. Time-dose effects analysis will be used to reveal the time-dosage response relations between ginsenosides and UC.
    RESULTS: Ultimately, fifteen studies involving 300 animals were included. Preliminary evidence was shown that ginsenosides could reduce Disease Activity Index (DAI) scores, weight loss, histological colitis score (HCS), spleen weight, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and increase colon length (CL), myeloperoxidase (GSH), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Results of time-dose interval analysis indicated that ginsenosides at a dosage of 5-200 mg/kg with an intervention time of 7-28 days were relatively effective.
    CONCLUSIONS: Preclinical evidence suggests that ginsenoside is a novel treatment for UC. And the mechanisms of ginsenosides in treating UC may involve anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, barrier protection, intestinal flora regulation, and immune regulation. Although, due to the high heterogeneity, further large-scale and high-quality preclinical studies are needed to examine the protection of ginsenosides against UC.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    人参皂苷,人参的主要活性成分,与主要人参皂苷相比,稀有人参皂苷具有增强的生物利用度和药效。目前的研究集中在有效和选择性地去除连接在主要人参皂苷糖链上的糖基团,以将其转化为满足医疗工业和功能食品需求的稀有人参皂苷。制备稀有人参皂苷的方法包括化学,微生物,和酶方法。其中,酶转换方法由于其特殊的特异性和强大的效率而受到研究人员的高度青睐。本文综述了不同稀有人参皂苷的生物学活性,探索了不同主要人参皂苷作为底物的生物转化中使用的各种糖苷酶,并阐明了它们各自相应的生物转化途径。这些发现将为开发提供有价值的参考,利用率,和工业化生产人参皂苷。
    Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    人参皂苷,人参属的生物活性化合物,对各种疾病有潜在的治疗效果,包括糖尿病.新出现的证据表明它们参与骨代谢。本文综述了人参皂苷对骨质疏松作用的认识,牙周病,和骨关节炎。它们的作用机制包括对成骨细胞的影响,破骨细胞,牙周膜成纤维细胞(PDLFs),和软骨细胞,这对维持骨骼至关重要,牙周组织,和软骨稳态。人参皂苷可能通过增强PDLF和成骨细胞活性发挥其有益作用。抑制破骨细胞功能,增强软骨基质中的软骨细胞合成,减轻结缔组织降解。此外,它们具有抗氧化剂,抗炎,抗菌,和反热变性。它们在增加骨密度方面的功效,改善牙周炎,在使用动物模型的临床前研究中已经证明了减轻骨关节炎症状。就其作用机制而言,人参皂苷调节细胞分化,活动,和关键信号通路分子,如丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),同时也规范各种调解员。此外,在动物模型中观察到的症状缓解进一步证明了其治疗效用.然而,为了将这些临床前发现转化为临床实践,严格的动物和临床研究是必要的,以确定安全性,功效,和人类受试者的最佳给药方案。
    Ginsenosides, bioactive compounds from the genus Panax, have potential therapeutic effects on diverse ailments, including diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests their involvement in bone metabolism. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of ginsenosides on osteoporosis, periodontal disease, and osteoarthritis. Their mechanisms of action include effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), and chondrocytes, which are pivotal in maintaining bone, periodontal tissue, and cartilage homeostasis. Ginsenosides may exert their beneficial effects by enhancing PDLF and osteoblast activity, suppressing osteoclast function, augmenting chondrocyte synthesis in the cartilage matrix, and mitigating connective tissue degradation. Moreover, they possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-pyroptotic properties. Their efficacy in increasing bone density, ameliorating periodontitis, and alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms has been demonstrated in preclinical studies using animal models. In terms of their mechanism of action, ginsenosides modulate cellular differentiation, activity, and key signaling pathway molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), while also regulating various mediators. Furthermore, the symptomatic relief observed in animal models lends further credence to their therapeutic utility. However, to translate these preclinical findings into clinical practice, rigorous animal and clinical investigations are imperative to ascertain the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing regimens in human subjects.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    癌症仍然是世界上主要的死亡原因之一。尽管常规治疗策略取得了相当大的成功,发病率和死亡率仍然很高,使开发新的有效抗癌疗法成为当务之急。人参皂苷Rg5(Rg5)是仅从人参物种获得的少量人参皂苷成分,并且以其广谱的药理活性而闻名。本文旨在全面综述Rg5的抗癌特性,重点介绍其作用机制,构效关系(SAR),和药代动力学属性。Rg5的体外和体内活性已被证明可以抵抗几种癌症类型,如乳房,肝脏,肺,骨头,和胃肠道(GI)癌症。对癌症生长和存活至关重要的多种信号传导途径的调节介导这些活性。然而,Rg5的人体临床研究以前没有得到解决,关于其药代动力学特性仍然存在相当大的歧义。此外,已发现Rg5的结构-活性关系(SAR)存在明显不足。因此,未来的努力应集中在通过进行广泛的SAR研究来揭示Rg5有效抗癌活性所必需的结构特征,从而进一步优化.因此,这篇综述强调了Rg5作为潜在抗癌药物候选药物的价值,并确定了需要更多研究的研究领域.
    Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the considerable success of conventional treatment strategies, the incidence and mortality rates are still high, making developing new effective anticancer therapies an urgent priority. Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside constituent obtained exclusively from ginseng species and is known for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This article aimed to comprehensively review the anticancer properties of Rg5, focusing on action mechanisms, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and pharmacokinetics attributes. The in vitro and in vivo activities of Rg5 have been proven against several cancer types, such as breast, liver, lung, bone, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The modulation of multiple signaling pathways critical for cancer growth and survival mediates these activities. Nevertheless, human clinical studies of Rg5 have not been addressed before, and there is still considerable ambiguity regarding its pharmacokinetics properties. In addition, a significant shortage in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Rg5 has been identified. Therefore, future efforts should focus on further optimization by performing extensive SAR studies to uncover the structural features essential for the potent anticancer activity of Rg5. Thus, this review highlights the value of Rg5 as a potential anticancer drug candidate and identifies the research areas requiring more investigation.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:中医(TCM)具有治疗各种疾病的悠久历史,并且越来越被认为是癌症的补充疗法。从中草药人参中提取的一种有前途的天然化合物是人参皂苷Rg3,其具有显着的抗癌作用。它已在各种癌症和肿瘤中进行了测试,并已被证明可有效抑制癌症。
    目的:这项工作涵盖了人参皂苷Rg3在癌症治疗中的作用的各个方面,包括它的生物学功能,关键途径,表观遗传学,以及联合疗法的潜力,所有这些都经过了广泛的研究和阐明。本研究旨在为今后人参皂苷Rg3作为抗癌药物的研究提供参考,为人参皂苷Rg3在肿瘤治疗中的潜在应用提供支持。
    BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating various diseases and is increasingly being recognized as a complementary therapy for cancer. A promising natural compound extracted from the Chinese herb ginseng is ginsenoside Rg3, which has demonstrated significant anticancer effects. It has been tested in a variety of cancers and tumors and has proven to be effective in suppressing cancer.
    OBJECTIVE: This work covers various aspects of the role of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment, including its biological functions, key pathways, epigenetics, and potential for combination therapies, all of which have been extensively researched and elucidated. The study aims to provide a reference for future research on ginsenoside Rg3 as an anticancer agent and a support for the potential application of ginsenoside Rg3 in cancer treatment.
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  • 文章类型: Systematic Review
    西洋参(Panaxquinquefolius)已被公认为具有多种药物的药用和功能性食品同源产品,营养,和工业应用。然而,参与人参皂苷生物合成的关键调节剂,人参皂苷的时空分布特征,影响人参皂苷的因素在很大程度上是未知的,这使得提高栽培西洋参的质量和化学提取工艺具有挑战性。这篇综述概述了药理作用,人参皂苷的生物合成和时空分布,重点研究了生物和非生物因素对西洋参中人参皂苷的影响。现代药理研究表明西洋参具有神经保护作用,心脏保护,抗肿瘤,抗糖尿病药,和抗肥胖作用。此外,参与人参皂苷生物合成上调的大多数基因已被鉴定,而下游监管机构(OSC,CYP450和UGT)需要进一步调查。Futhermore,关于生物和非生物因素对人参皂苷影响的分子机制的知识有限。值得注意的是,西洋参的非药用部分,尤其是它的花朵,纤维根,和叶子,人参皂苷含量高于其主根,在整个植物中占相当大的重量,代表着人参皂苷的有前途的资源。在这里,提出了基于多组学的分子育种和代谢工程改善栽培西洋参质量不稳定和人参皂苷短缺的前景。这篇综述强调了当前西洋参研究中的差距,并提出了解决这些局限性的解决方案。为今后西洋参人参皂苷的研究提供指导。
    American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)是一种普遍的病理现象。传统的治疗方法主要旨在恢复缺血器官的血液供应,无视IRI造成的损害。属于人参中发现的原人参二醇人参皂甙类,人参皂苷Rd(GSRd)显示出显着的安全性以及各种生物学功能。其活性成分表现出不同的药理作用,包括抗炎,抗肿瘤,神经保护,心血管保护,和免疫调节特性,使其成为解决多种疾病的有希望的候选人。GSRd通过采用关键的细胞机制来保护I/R损伤,包括氧化应激的衰减,减少炎症,促进细胞存活信号通路,和抑制凋亡途径。此外,GSRd调节线粒体功能,保持钙稳态,并调节参与I/R损伤的基因的表达。这篇综述旨在巩固IRI背景下GSRd的药理作用机制。我们的目标是促进GSRd相关药物的发展,并为参与制定IRI治疗策略的临床医生提供新的见解。
    Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a prevalent pathological phenomenon. Traditional treatment approaches primarily aim at restoring blood supply to ischemic organs, disregarding the consequent damage caused by IRI. Belonging to the class of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides that are found in Panax ginseng, ginsenoside Rd (GSRd) demonstrates notable safety alongside a diverse range of biological functions. Its active components exhibit diverse pharmacological effects, encompassing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, cardiovascular-protective, and immune-regulatory properties, making it a promising candidate for addressing multiple medical conditions. GSRd shields against I/R injury by employing crucial cellular mechanisms, including the attenuation of oxidative stress, reduction of inflammation, promotion of cell survival signaling pathways, and inhibition of apoptotic pathways. Additionally, GSRd regulates mitochondrial function, maintains calcium homeostasis, and modulates the expression of genes involved in I/R injury. This review seeks to consolidate the pharmacological mechanism of action of GSRd within the context of IRI. Our objective is to contribute to the advancement of GSRd-related pharmaceuticals and provide novel insights for clinicians involved in developing IRI treatment strategies.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    乳腺癌是目前最常见的恶性肿瘤,死亡率高。人参皂苷,人参的主要生物活性成分,已被证明在体外和体内对乳腺癌都非常有效。本研究旨在全面了解人参皂苷对乳腺癌的抗肿瘤作用机制。通过细致的文献计量分析和对相关研究的详尽回顾,探讨和总结人参皂苷治疗乳腺癌的作用机制,包括诱导细胞凋亡,自噬,抑制上皮-间质转化和转移,调节miRNA和lncRNA。这一研究成果不仅为人参皂苷在乳腺癌治疗中的应用提供了新的前景,也为研究人员提出了未来的研究方向。
    Breast cancer is currently the most common malignancy and has a high mortality rate. Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive constituents of ginseng, have been shown to be highly effective against breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. This study aims to comprehensively understand the mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effects of ginsenosides on breast cancer. Through meticulous bibliometric analysis and an exhaustive review of pertinent research, we explore and summarize the mechanism of action of ginsenosides in treating breast cancer, including inducing apoptosis, autophagy, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, and regulating miRNA and lncRNA. This scholarly endeavor not only provides novel prospects for the application of ginsenosides in the treatment of breast cancer but also suggests future research directions for researchers.
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  • 文章类型: Systematic Review
    尽管有证据表明人参皂苷,人参的主要活性和独特成分,对顺铂诱导的肾毒性有有益作用,其疗效和保护机制尚不清楚.目前的荟萃分析的目的是研究人参皂苷在顺铂诱导的肾毒性模型中的有效性和机制。在搜索包括Medline在内的各种数据库时进行了临床前调查,WebofScience,Google,CNKI,Embase,和万方数据库。这篇综述包括了对216只动物的12项研究。Stata15.0和RevMan5.3用于统计分析。汇总结果显示人参皂苷显著改善肾功能,并抑制组织学损伤。人参皂苷的保护机制与其抗氧化应激有关,抗炎,抗凋亡,和抗自噬。我们的研究结果表明,人参皂苷具有通过调节各种靶标和途径减轻顺铂诱导的肾毒性的潜力。因此,人参皂苷有望作为临床治疗和预防顺铂引起的肾毒性的治疗剂。
    Although evidence suggests ginsenosides, the primary active and distinctive components of ginseng, have beneficial effects in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, their efficacy and protective mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the current meta-analysis is to study the effectiveness and mechanisms of ginsenosides in a model of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Preclinical investigations were conducted in the search of various databases including Medline, Web of Science, Google, CNKI, Embase, and the Wanfang database. 12 studies with 216 animals were included in this review. Stata 15.0 and RevMan 5.3 were used for statistical analyses. The pooled results showed that ginsenosides significantly improved kidney function, and inhibited histological damage. The protective mechanism of ginsenosides is associated with its antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-autophagy. The results of our study indicate that ginsenosides have the potential to mitigate nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin through the modulation of various targets and pathways. Consequently, ginsenosides hold promise as therapeutic agents for the clinical management and prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    人参皂苷是人参的生物活性成分,具有抗衰老、抗氧化,抗炎,抗疲劳,和抗肿瘤。人参皂苷被归类为达玛恩,齐亚烯,和基于苷元结构的奥科替洛型三环三萜类化合物。基于与C-3,C-20和C-6,C-20连接的糖部分,达玛烷型分为原人参二醇(PPD)和原人参三醇(PPT)。人参皂苷对皮肤疾病的影响是值得注意的。它们通过增强免疫功能发挥抗衰老作用,抵抗黑色素的形成,抑制氧化,并提高胶原蛋白和透明质酸的浓度。因此,人参皂苷以前被广泛用于抵抗皮肤病和衰老。本文从作用机制和实验研究两方面详细阐述了人参皂苷在抗皮肤衰老过程中的作用。
    Ginsenosides are bioactive components of Panax ginseng with many functions such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, and anti-tumor. Ginsenosides are categorized into dammarane, oleanene, and ocotillol type tricyclic triterpenoids based on the aglycon structure. Based on the sugar moiety linked to C-3, C-20, and C-6, C-20, dammarane type was divided into protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT). The effects of ginsenosides on skin disorders are noteworthy. They play anti-aging roles by enhancing immune function, resisting melanin formation, inhibiting oxidation, and elevating the concentration of collagen and hyaluronic acid. Thus, ginsenosides have previously been widely used to resist skin diseases and aging. This review details the role of ginsenosides in the anti-skin aging process from mechanisms and experimental research.
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