Abstract：
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
摘要：
西洋参（Panaxquinquefolius）已被公认为具有多种药物的药用和功能性食品同源产品，营养,和工业应用。然而,参与人参皂苷生物合成的关键调节剂，人参皂苷的时空分布特征,影响人参皂苷的因素在很大程度上是未知的，这使得提高栽培西洋参的质量和化学提取工艺具有挑战性。这篇综述概述了药理作用，人参皂苷的生物合成和时空分布，重点研究了生物和非生物因素对西洋参中人参皂苷的影响。现代药理研究表明西洋参具有神经保护作用,心脏保护,抗肿瘤，抗糖尿病药,和抗肥胖作用。此外,参与人参皂苷生物合成上调的大多数基因已被鉴定，而下游监管机构(OSC，CYP450和UGT）需要进一步调查。Futhermore,关于生物和非生物因素对人参皂苷影响的分子机制的知识有限。值得注意的是,西洋参的非药用部分，尤其是它的花朵，纤维根,和叶子，人参皂苷含量高于其主根，在整个植物中占相当大的重量，代表着人参皂苷的有前途的资源。在这里，提出了基于多组学的分子育种和代谢工程改善栽培西洋参质量不稳定和人参皂苷短缺的前景。这篇综述强调了当前西洋参研究中的差距，并提出了解决这些局限性的解决方案。为今后西洋参人参皂苷的研究提供指导。
