UNASSIGNED: Socket preservation is a surgical procedure aimed at preserving the dimensions of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction. It is performed by filling the extraction socket with bone graft material with or without a barrier membrane. Recently, dentine obtained from extracted teeth has been tried as an autograft for socket preservation. Studies have compared the use of dentin to other bone grafts, however, systematic reviews evaluating the efficacy of dentin for socket preservation are limited. Hence, this systematic review protocol is proposed to generate evidence on the efficacy of dentin as a viable alternative to other bone graft materials for socket preservation.
UNASSIGNED: This systematic review protocol was prepared according to the Methodological Expectations of the Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR) guidelines. It will be conducted using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Cochrane Central, and EBSCO databases and clinical trial registries, will be searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies that have used autologous dentin graft (either in particulate/putty, or/matrix form) for socket preservation. The radiographic and clinical assessment of bone and soft tissue healing of the preserved sockets along with patient-related outcomes following surgery will be assessed. The risk of bias assessment of the RCTs and Non-RCTs will be assessed using the \'Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool (ROB II) and ROBINS-I respectively. The certainty of evidence will be assessed by the GRADE approach.
UNASSIGNED: This evidence is important for dental clinicians and the public to make an informed decision when choosing graft material for socket preservation. The extracted teeth are considered biological waste; however, this evidence provides scope for using a less invasive autograft for bone regenerative procedures.
UNASSIGNED: PROSPERO: CRD42021201958 (Registered on 15/02/2021).

Metal alloys like stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt-chromium alloys are preferable for bio-implants due to their exceptional strength, tribological properties, and biocompatibility. However, long-term implantation of metal alloys can lead to inflammation, swelling, and itching because of ion leaching. To address this issue, polymers are increasingly being utilized in orthopedic applications, replacing metallic components such as bone fixation plates, screws, and scaffolds, as well as minimizing metal-on-metal contact in total hip and knee joint replacements. Ceramics, known for their hardness, thermal barrier, wear, and corrosion resistance, find extensive application in electrochemical, fuel, and biomedical industries. This review delves into a variety of biocompatible materials engineered to seamlessly integrate with the body, reducing adverse reactions like inflammation, toxicity, or immune responses. Additionally, this review examines the potential of various biomaterials including metals, polymers, and ceramics for implant applications. While metallic biomaterials remain indispensable, polymers and ceramics show promise as alternative options. However, surface-modified metallic materials offer a hybrid effect, combining the strengths of different constituents. The future of biomedical implant materials lies in advanced fabrication techniques and personalized designs, facilitating tailored solutions for complex medical needs.

Osseointegration implant (OI) surgery is the latest rehabilitation technology for amputees, where a bone-anchored implant obviates the limitations of traditional socket prostheses. The bone mineral density (BMD) in the periprosthetic and other anatomical regions can be used to assess bone remodelling following OI surgery. Currently, limited studies have used BMD measurements in reporting post-operative OI outcomes and the association between the maintenance of BMD and implant efficacy has remained elusive. This review captured and analysed all studies that have reported the BMD as an objective outcome measure in patients with trans-femoral or trans-tibial OI. The PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms \'amputation\', \'osseointegration\' and \'bone mineral density\'. A total of 6 studies involving human participants were included for analysis. All studies used dual X-ray absorptiometry and/or X-rays for measuring BMD. Rehabilitation of trans-femoral or trans-tibial amputation using OI may help restore healthy BMD by enabling physiological bone loading. However, there is a low correlation between the BMD around the OI and the success of OI surgery or the risk of periprosthetic fractures. This review summarises the current evidence on BMD assessment in OI for lower limb amputee rehabilitation. Despite the great variability in the results, the available evidence suggests that OI may help restore BMD following surgery. The limited evidence calls for further investigation, as well as the development of a standard BMD measurement protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Oncology is increasingly adopting three-dimensional (3D) printing, a method of creating objects through additive manufacturing using various techniques and materials. This technology, divided into conventional 3D printing (using non-biological materials like thermoplastics or titanium) and bioprinting (involving living cells and tissues), has shown potential in surgical planning, implant creation, and radiotherapy. However, despite promising preclinical and clinical applications, its clinical integration faces challenges such as a lack of strong evidence, standardized guidelines, and detailed data on costs and scalability. This study reviews the current use of 3D printing in oncology, aiming to differentiate between practical and experimental applications, thereby guiding clinicians interested in incorporating this technology.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted to gather comments, reviews, and preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the use of 3D printing in oncology, with publications dated before December 1, 2023. The search for pertinent studies involved utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar Review. The selection process for articles was based on a unanimous consensus among all authors. We excluded topics related to bioprinting and the technical nuances of 3D printing.
UNASSIGNED: The review comprehensively describes the utilization of 3D printing in radiation oncology, surgical oncology, orthopedic oncology, medical oncology, hyperthermia, and patients\' education. However, 3D printing faces several limitations that are related to unpredictable costs, difficult scalability, very complex regulations and lack of standardization.
CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing is increasingly useful in oncology for diagnostics and treatment, yet remains experimental and case-based. Despite growing literature, it focuses mostly on pre-clinical studies and case reports, with few clinical studies involving small samples. Thus, extensive research is needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and application in larger patient groups.

The development of materials with self-healing capabilities has garnered considerable attention due to their potential to enhance the durability and longevity of various engineering and structural applications. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in materials with self-healing properties, encompassing polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites. We outline future research directions and potential applications of self-healing materials (SHMs) in diverse fields. This review aims to provide insights into the current state-of-the-art in SHM research and guide future efforts towards the development of innovative and sustainable materials with enhanced self-repair capabilities. Each material type showcases unique self-repair mechanisms tailored to address specific challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates crack healing processes, shedding light on the latest developments in this critical aspect of self-healing materials. Through an extensive exploration of these topics, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and future directions in self-healing materials research.

The exponential rise of healthcare problems like human aging and road traffic accidents have developed an intrinsic challenge to biomedical sectors concerning the arrangement of patient-specific biomedical products. The additively manufactured implants and scaffolds have captured global attention over the last two decades concerning their printing quality and ease of manufacturing. However, the inherent challenges associated with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, namely process selection, level of complexity, printing speed, resolution, biomaterial choice, and consumed energy, still pose several limitations on their use. Recently, the whole world has faced severe supply chain disruptions of personal protective equipment and basic medical facilities due to a respiratory disease known as the coronavirus (COVID-19). In this regard, local and global AM manufacturers have printed biomedical products to level the supply-demand equation. The potential of AM technologies for biomedical applications before, during, and post-COVID-19 pandemic alongwith its relation to the industry 4.0 (I4.0) concept is discussed herein. Moreover, additive manufacturing technologies are studied in this work concerning their working principle, classification, materials, processing variables, output responses, merits, challenges, and biomedical applications. Different factors affecting the sustainable performance in AM for biomedical applications are discussed with more focus on the comparative examination of consumed energy to determine which process is more sustainable. The recent advancements in the field like 4D printing and 5D printing are useful for the successful implementation of I4.0 to combat any future pandemic scenario. The potential of hybrid printing, multi-materials printing, and printing with smart materials, has been identified as hot research areas to produce scaffolds and implants in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and orthopedic implants.

Precision manufacturing requirements are the key to ensuring the quality and reliability of biomedical implants. The powder bed fusion (PBF) technique offers a promising solution, enabling the creation of complex, patient-specific implants with a high degree of precision. This technology is revolutionizing the biomedical industry, paving the way for a new era of personalized medicine. This review explores and details powder bed fusion 3D printing and its application in the biomedical field. It begins with an introduction to the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology and its various classifications. Later, it analyzes the numerous fields in which powder bed fusion 3D printing has been successfully deployed where precision components are required, including the fabrication of personalized implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review also discusses the potential advantages and limitations for using the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in terms of precision, customization, and cost effectiveness. In addition, it highlights the current challenges and prospects of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology. This work offers valuable insights for researchers engaged in the field, aiming to contribute to the advancement of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in the context of precision manufacturing for biomedical applications.

The materials used in dentistry for the fabrication of all-ceramic restorations have undergone great and rapid developments over the last two decades. Among the most common ceramic materials in dentistry are those based on zirconium and lithium disilicate. Due to the properties of these materials, they are in great demand in the field of dental restoration production. Thus, dental restorations that will use those materials are commonly machined in CAD/CAM systems, which offer the possibility of manufacturing all-ceramic dental restorations in a very short period of time. This article reviews the modern materials in the field of all-ceramic dental restorations, their manufacturing processes, as well as what determines which ceramic materials are used for the production of CAD/CAM blanks and their production technology.

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has become an established surgical option in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The goal of this review is to assess the impact of steroid-eluting middle meatal implants after ESS. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), SCOPUS, PUBMED, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched from inception to November 2022. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving adult patients receiving ESS for CRS utilising a steroid-eluting middle meatal implants were eligible. The primary outcome was adhesion or synechiae. The secondary outcomes were mucosal inflammation, polyp reformation, the need for oral steroids and additional surgery, postoperative bleeding, sinus pain and discomfort, postoperative sinus-related infection, and change in intraocular pressure. Fourteen full articles were examined out of 496 potential abstracts. Seven RCTs satisfied the criteria. At 30days, steroid-eluting implants reduced adhesion (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.56; P<0.001), mucosal inflammation (MD: -13.09, 95% CI: -18.22 to -7.97; P<0.001), polyp reformation (OR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.44; P<0.001), and requirement of additional oral steroid (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.78; P=0.005) or surgery (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.50; P<0.001). While their use for adhesion (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.54; P<0.001) and polyp reformation (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.51; P<0.001) were favourable, there was no difference in mucosal inflammation (MD: -5.68, 95% CI: -12.39 to 1.03; P=0.100) or the need for surgery (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.07 to 12.37; P=0.980) when evaluated after 30days. Overall, the findings suggest that steroid-eluting middle meatal implants improve ESS outcomes by lowering rates of adhesion formation, postoperative medical and surgical interventions, recurrent polyposis, and inflammation, while having no significant negative impact in the immediate postoperative period. More research is needed into the long-term impacts.

The popularity of implants is increasing with the aging population requiring oral-dental rehabilitation. There are several critical steps in the implant workflow, including case selection, implant design, surgical procedure, biological tissue responses, and functional restoration. Among these steps, surgical osteotomy procedures are a crucial determinant of clinical success. This brief review was aimed at outlining the current state of the field in automation-assisted implant surgical osteotomy technologies. A broad search of the literature was performed to identify current literature. The results are outlined in three broad categories: semi-automated static (image-guided) or dynamic (navigation-assisted) systems, and fully-automated robotic systems. As well as the current mechanical rotary approaches, the literature supporting the use of lasers in further refinement of these approaches is reviewed. The advantages and limitations of adopting autonomous technologies in practical clinical dental practices are discussed. In summary, advances in clinical technologies enable improved precision and efficacious clinical outcomes with implant dentistry. Hard-tissue lasers offer further advancements in precision, improved biological responses, and favorable clinical outcomes that require further investigation.