Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Oncology is increasingly adopting three-dimensional (3D) printing, a method of creating objects through additive manufacturing using various techniques and materials. This technology, divided into conventional 3D printing (using non-biological materials like thermoplastics or titanium) and bioprinting (involving living cells and tissues), has shown potential in surgical planning, implant creation, and radiotherapy. However, despite promising preclinical and clinical applications, its clinical integration faces challenges such as a lack of strong evidence, standardized guidelines, and detailed data on costs and scalability. This study reviews the current use of 3D printing in oncology, aiming to differentiate between practical and experimental applications, thereby guiding clinicians interested in incorporating this technology.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted to gather comments, reviews, and preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the use of 3D printing in oncology, with publications dated before December 1, 2023. The search for pertinent studies involved utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar Review. The selection process for articles was based on a unanimous consensus among all authors. We excluded topics related to bioprinting and the technical nuances of 3D printing.
UNASSIGNED: The review comprehensively describes the utilization of 3D printing in radiation oncology, surgical oncology, orthopedic oncology, medical oncology, hyperthermia, and patients\' education. However, 3D printing faces several limitations that are related to unpredictable costs, difficult scalability, very complex regulations and lack of standardization.
CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing is increasingly useful in oncology for diagnostics and treatment, yet remains experimental and case-based. Despite growing literature, it focuses mostly on pre-clinical studies and case reports, with few clinical studies involving small samples. Thus, extensive research is needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and application in larger patient groups.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted to gather comments, reviews, and preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the use of 3D printing in oncology, with publications dated before December 1, 2023. The search for pertinent studies involved utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar Review. The selection process for articles was based on a unanimous consensus among all authors. We excluded topics related to bioprinting and the technical nuances of 3D printing.
UNASSIGNED: The review comprehensively describes the utilization of 3D printing in radiation oncology, surgical oncology, orthopedic oncology, medical oncology, hyperthermia, and patients\' education. However, 3D printing faces several limitations that are related to unpredictable costs, difficult scalability, very complex regulations and lack of standardization.
CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing is increasingly useful in oncology for diagnostics and treatment, yet remains experimental and case-based. Despite growing literature, it focuses mostly on pre-clinical studies and case reports, with few clinical studies involving small samples. Thus, extensive research is needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and application in larger patient groups.
摘要：
目的：肿瘤学越来越多地采用三维（3D）打印，通过使用各种技术和材料的增材制造来创建物体的方法。这项技术,分为传统的3D打印（使用非生物材料，如热塑性塑料或钛）和生物打印（涉及活细胞和组织），在手术计划中显示出潜力，植入物的创造，和放射治疗。然而,尽管有希望的临床前和临床应用，其临床整合面临挑战，如缺乏强有力的证据，标准化指南，以及有关成本和可扩展性的详细数据。本研究回顾了3D打印在肿瘤学中的当前应用，旨在区分实际应用和实验应用，从而指导有兴趣纳入这项技术的临床医生。
方法：进行了文献检索以收集评论，reviews,以及专注于3D打印在肿瘤学中的临床前和临床研究，与日期在2023年12月1日之前的出版物。使用PubMed和GoogleScholarReview搜索相关研究。文章的选择过程是基于所有作者的一致共识。我们排除了与生物打印相关的主题和3D打印的技术细微差别。
■这篇综述全面描述了3D打印在放射肿瘤学中的应用，肿瘤外科,骨科肿瘤,医学肿瘤学,热疗,和病人的教育。然而,3D打印面临着与不可预测的成本相关的几个限制。困难的可扩展性，法规非常复杂，缺乏标准化。
结论：3D打印在肿瘤学诊断和治疗中越来越有用，但仍然是实验性的和基于案例的。尽管文学越来越多，它主要侧重于临床前研究和病例报告，很少有涉及小样本的临床研究。因此，需要广泛的研究来全面评估其疗效和在较大患者群体中的应用.
方法：进行了文献检索以收集评论，reviews,以及专注于3D打印在肿瘤学中的临床前和临床研究，与日期在2023年12月1日之前的出版物。使用PubMed和GoogleScholarReview搜索相关研究。文章的选择过程是基于所有作者的一致共识。我们排除了与生物打印相关的主题和3D打印的技术细微差别。
■这篇综述全面描述了3D打印在放射肿瘤学中的应用，肿瘤外科,骨科肿瘤,医学肿瘤学,热疗,和病人的教育。然而,3D打印面临着与不可预测的成本相关的几个限制。困难的可扩展性，法规非常复杂，缺乏标准化。
结论：3D打印在肿瘤学诊断和治疗中越来越有用，但仍然是实验性的和基于案例的。尽管文学越来越多，它主要侧重于临床前研究和病例报告，很少有涉及小样本的临床研究。因此，需要广泛的研究来全面评估其疗效和在较大患者群体中的应用.
