本研究使用骨学和放射性碳数据集结合正式的定量分析来测试有关中后期纳斯卡高地冲突特征的假设(LIP,950-1450C.E.)。我们开发和测试骨学期望,如果暴力以群体内暴力为特征,应该观察到什么模式,仪式冲突,间歇性突袭,或者自相残杀的战争。
对颅骨(n=267)进行了临死前和临死前检查,矫枉过正,和严重的创伤。样本中代表了所有年龄组和男女。一百二十四个颅骨是AMS日期,允许详细分析各种人口群体之间暴力的历时模式。
38%(102/267)的颅骨表现出某种形式的颅骨创伤,与之前的中地平线时代相比有了显著的增长。在LIP的三个子阶段中有不同的创伤频率,但是第三阶段(1300-1450C.E.)表现出所有创伤类型的最高频率。男性比女性表现出更多的死前创伤,但两者都表现出相似的死前创伤率。
有慢性的,整个中期后期的自相残杀战争,在三个时间阶段中暴力发生了重要变化。暴力死亡率异质性的证据显示出与社会可替代性一致的模式,纳斯卡高地人口的任何和所有成员都是致命和亚致命暴力的适当目标。我们认为,通过测试有关冲突目标和类型的假设,我们能够更好地解释人类冲突的原因和后果。
This
study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare.
Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups.
Thirty-eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates.
There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.