In low- and middle-income countries, data on antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquaculture are scarce. Therefore, summarizing documented data on AMU, antimicrobial residue (AR), and AMR in aquaculture in Africa is key to understanding the risk to public health. Google Scholar, PubMed, African Journals online, and Medline were searched for articles published in English and French following the PRISMA guidelines. A structured search string was used with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to retrieve and screen the articles. The pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each pathogen-antimicrobial pair using random effects models. Among the 113 full-text articles reviewed, 41 met the eligibility criteria. The majority of the articles reported AMR (35; 85.4%), while a few were on AMU (3; 7.3%) and AR (3; 7.3%) in fish. The articles originated from West Africa (23; 56.1%), North Africa (8; 19.7%), and East Africa (7; 17.1%). Concerning the antimicrobial agents used in fish farming, tetracycline was the most common antimicrobial class used, which justified the high prevalence of residues (up to 56.7%) observed in fish. For AMR, a total of 69 antimicrobial agents were tested against 24 types of bacteria isolated. Bacteria were resistant to all classes of antimicrobial agents and exhibited high levels of multidrug resistance. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were reported in 16, 10, and 8 studies, respectively, with multidrug resistance rates of 43.1% [95% CI (32.0-55.0)], 40.3% [95% CI (24.1-58.1)] and 31.3% [95% CI (17.5-49.4)], respectively. This review highlights the high multidrug resistance rate of bacteria from aquaculture to commonly used antimicrobial agents, such as tetracycline, ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, and amoxicillin, in Africa. These findings also highlighted the lack of data on AMU and residue in the aquaculture sector, and additional efforts should be made to fill these gaps and mitigate the burden of AMR on public health in Africa.

UNASSIGNED: Today, antibiotics are widely used for treatment and feed additives to enhance livestock growth. Antibiotic residues may be found in food of animal origin for various reasons, including ignoring the withdrawal period after treatment, overuse for animals, and contamination of feed with treated animals in animal products. Among animal products, dairy products have a special place in the human diet, and antibiotic residues in them have caused a great deal of concern among consumers.
UNASSIGNED: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and compare studies conducted in Iran on antibiotic residues in dairy products during 2000-2022.
UNASSIGNED: In this review, 52 eligible studies were collected by searching the Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Google Scholar, Science-Direct, Scopus, and PubMed using the English or Persian keywords such as an antibiotic or antimicrobial residue, Beta-lactam residue, Tetracycline residue, Sulfonamide residue, Chloramphenicol residue, Aminoglycosides residue, Macrolide residue, Quinolones residue, Milk, Raw milk, Pasteurized milk, UHT milk, Powder milk, Cheese, Yogurt, Butter, Cream, Doogh, Kashk, Ice cream, and Iran.
UNASSIGNED: According to the reviewed studies, the total prevalence of antibiotic residues in dairy products was 29% (95% CI: 15-43%). Among the seven evaluated antibiotic groups, most studies have been conducted on tetracycline, beta-lactam, and sulfonamide groups, with 16, 10, and 7 respectively, and the highest level of contamination with 663 ± 1540 μg/l is related to tetracycline. Most studies on antibiotic dairy product residues in Iran with 12, 11, and 8 studies are associated with East Azarbaijan province, then Tehran and Khorasan Razavi respectively, and no study has been conducted in 11 provinces of the country. According to the studies, Gilan, Qazvin and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest amount of antibiotic residue in milk with an average value of 56.415 ± 33.354, 45.955 ± 4.179 and 45.928 ± 33.027, respectively. Most of the methods used in the studies to measure antibiotic residues in milk were the Copan test kit and the HPLC method, which were used in 19 and 14 studies, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Studies have shown that the prevalence of antibiotic residue in dairy products in Iran is high, so applying an effective strategy and developing the necessary standards in this field to control milk quality is a public health necessity. The findings of this study show that further evaluation of fermented dairy products, especially non-fermented ones such as butter and cream, is needed to prevent adverse health reactions.

In this paper, we discuss veterinary medicine and its applications in the food industry as well as the risk to the health of humans and animals caused by these residues. We review how the veterinary residues enter and cause some detrimental effects. We also mention two techniques to determine the residue of veterinary medications that exist in food originating from animals, including classic and advanced techniques. Finally, we discuss the potential of various developed methods and compare them with some traditional techniques.

To control the drug residues in foods, the national Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) have been determined by the international organizations; however, no regulation has been complied for MRL in food animals in Iran. This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis about studies of antibiotic residues in slaughtered poultry carcasses, in Iran. The information was first collected and analyzed throughout six international databases, and four Iranian national databases. According to the data, the total prevalence of antibiotic residues was obtained as 39.41%, 5.40%, and 0.30% using four-plate test (FPT), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Enzyme-linked immuno_sorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. The highest prevalence of the residues was shown in the liver by both methods of HPLC (47.75%) and ELISA (14.35%). Moreover, the total mean of antibiotics was recorded as 71.03 ppb and 65.86 ppb in different tissues using the HPLC and ELISA method, respectively. Based on this study, we can conclude that the prevalence of antibiotic residue in poultry meat in Iran is high and that this level does not cause health problems for consumers. It is highly recommended to execute tight surveillance strategies from the government in antibiotic monitoring.

Several antibiotics have been applied to veterinary medicine due to their broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity and prophylactic power. Residues of these antibiotics can be accumulated in dairy cattle, in addition to promoting contamination of the environment and, in more serious cases, in milk, causing a public health problem. Different regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits for these antibiotics in milk, so it becomes important to develop sensitive analytical methods for monitoring these compounds. Electrochemical techniques are important analytical tools in analytical chemistry because they present low cost, simplicity, high sensitivity, and adequate analytical frequency (sample throughput) for routine analyses. In this sense, this review summarizes the state of the art of the main electrochemical sensors and biosensors, instrumental techniques, and sample preparation used for the development of analytical methods, published in the last five years, for the monitoring of different classes of antibiotics: aminoglycosides, amphenicols, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, in milk samples. The different strategies to develop electrochemical sensors and biosensors are critically compared considering their analytical features. The mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation/reduction of the antibiotics are revised and discussed considering strategies to improve the selectivity of the method. In addition, current challenges and future prospects are discussed.

Animal milk types in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed into varieties of products using different traditional methods and are widely consumed by households to support nutritional intake and diet. Dairy products contain several microorganisms, their metabolites, and other chemical compounds, some with health benefits and many others considered as potential health hazards. Consumption of contaminated milk products could have serious health implications for consumers. To access the safety of milk products across SSA, studies in the region investigating the occurrences of pathogens as well as chemical compounds such as heat stable toxins and veterinary drug residues in animal milk and its products were reviewed. This is done with a holistic view in light of the emerging exposome paradigm for improving food safety and consumer health in the region. Herein, we showed that several published studies in SSA applied conventional and/or less sensitive methods in detecting microbial species and chemical contaminants. This has serious implications in food safety because the correct identity of a microbial species and accurate screening for chemical contaminants is crucial for predicting the potential human health effects that undermine the benefits from consumption of these foods. Furthermore, we highlighted gaps in determining the extent of viral and parasitic contamination of milk products across SSA as well as investigating multiple classes of chemical contaminants. Consequently, robust studies should be conducted in this regard. Also, efforts such as development cooperation projects should be initiated by all stakeholders including scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers to improve the dairy product chain in SSA in view of safeguarding consumer health.

Residue chemists who analyse pesticides in vegetables or veterinary drugs in animal-based food are currently facing a situation where there is a requirement to detect more and more compounds at lower and lower concentrations. Conventional tandem quadrupole instruments provide sufficient sensitivity, but speed and selectivity appear as future limitations. This will become an even larger issue when there is a need to not only detect active compounds but also their degradation products and metabolites. This will likely lead to a situation in which the conventional targeted approach must be expanded or augmented by a certain non-targeted strategy. High-resolution mass spectrometry provides such capabilities, but it frequently requires an additional degree of selectivity for the unequivocal confirmation of analytes present at trace levels in highly complex and variable food matrices. The hyphenation of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility and high-resolution mass spectrometry provides analytical chemists with a new tool for performing such a demanding multiresidue analysis. The objective of this paper is to investigate the benefits of the added ion mobility dimension as well as to critically discuss the current limitations of this commercially available technology.

Antibiotic residues have become a major concern worldwide as food contaminants due to the risk that they may pose to human health. The presence of these residues in food is due to improper veterinary practices. Consequently, rapid and cost-effective clean-up methods prior to analysis for these residues in food matrices are increasingly becoming necessary in order to ensure food safety. Miniaturised extraction and pre-concentration techniques have been developed as alternatives to conventional extraction procedures in recent years. Furthermore, the current trends in analytical sample preparation favour extraction techniques that comply with the principles of green analytical chemistry. Solid phase micro-extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, stir cake sorptive extraction and fabric phase sorptive extraction methods are very promising sorbent-based sorptive micro-extraction techniques, and they are compliant to the principles of green chemistry. This review critically discusses the application of these techniques in the extraction and pre-concentration of antibiotic residues from food samples in the years 2015 to 2020.

This letter comments on the article \"The treatment of sarcoptic mange in wildlife: a systematic review\" published in Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12:99, and discusses the limitations in the use of endectocides for scabies control in free-ranging wildlife. The ecological impact and drug resistance to ivermectin are also discussed. In our view, scabies control in free-ranging wildlife should be based preferably on population management measures, and whether to apply individual treatments to free-ranging populations should be considered very carefully and avoided where not absolutely warranted.

Penicillins represent most commonly prescribed and salient part of antibacterial armamentarium. Due to lack of proper guidance and regulations, especially in developing countries they are indiscriminately applied in agricultural sectors (livestock farming, aquaculture and plants). Major concerns related to remaining residues of penicillins in food or environment are allergy, development of antibacterial resistance, environmental pollution, economical losses to food industries, consumers and food safety. Researchers of different disciplines are developing reliable detection methods for penicillins in various samples. Among them biosensors are attracting considerable attention primarily for their instant detection, convenience in application, on-site monitoring and portability. Nowadays, they are becoming more sophisticated with the help of modern approaches such as nanotechnology. This review article summarizes the research literature on advancements and recent trends in the field of biosensors for penicillins quantification till date. Different domains of biosensors (electrochemical, optical, mass-sensitive and thermal) are discussed for penicillins along with their applicability.