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Abstract：
Several antibiotics have been applied to veterinary medicine due to their broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity and prophylactic power. Residues of these antibiotics can be accumulated in dairy cattle, in addition to promoting contamination of the environment and, in more serious cases, in milk, causing a public health problem. Different regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits for these antibiotics in milk, so it becomes important to develop sensitive analytical methods for monitoring these compounds. Electrochemical techniques are important analytical tools in analytical chemistry because they present low cost, simplicity, high sensitivity, and adequate analytical frequency (sample throughput) for routine analyses. In this sense, this review summarizes the state of the art of the main electrochemical sensors and biosensors, instrumental techniques, and sample preparation used for the development of analytical methods, published in the last five years, for the monitoring of different classes of antibiotics: aminoglycosides, amphenicols, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, in milk samples. The different strategies to develop electrochemical sensors and biosensors are critically compared considering their analytical features. The mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation/reduction of the antibiotics are revised and discussed considering strategies to improve the selectivity of the method. In addition, current challenges and future prospects are discussed.
摘要：
几种抗生素由于其广谱的抗菌活性和预防能力而被应用于兽药。这些抗生素的残留可以在奶牛体内积累，除了促进环境污染，在更严重的情况下，在牛奶中，造成公共卫生问题。不同的监管机构为这些抗生素在牛奶中设定了最大残留限量，因此，开发灵敏的分析方法来监测这些化合物变得很重要。电化学技术是分析化学中重要的分析工具，因为它们具有低成本，简单，高灵敏度,和足够的分析频率（样品通量）进行常规分析。在这个意义上,这篇综述总结了主要的电化学传感器和生物传感器的最新技术，仪器技术,以及用于开发分析方法的样品制备，在过去的五年里，用于监测不同类别的抗生素：氨基糖苷类，氨酚,β-内酰胺,氟喹诺酮类药物,磺胺类药物,和四环素,在牛奶样品中。考虑到它们的分析特征，对开发电化学传感器和生物传感器的不同策略进行了严格的比较。考虑到提高方法选择性的策略，对抗生素的电化学氧化/还原机理进行了修订和讨论。此外,讨论了当前的挑战和未来的前景。
