体现的认知理论考虑了语言和其他认知领域的许多方面,这是感觉和运动过程的结果。在这个观点中,评估和概念的使用是基于基于先前感觉运动经验的模拟机制。尽管这些理论继续受到关注和支持,越来越多的证据表明,需要考虑模拟过程的灵活性,并相应地完善具体账户。在这份共识文件中,我们讨论了语言体现实验研究中变异性的两个潜在来源:个体差异和语境。具体来说,我们展示了导致个体差异的因素如何解释具体语言现象中不一致的发现。这些因素包括感觉运动或文化体验,图像,上下文相关因素,和认知策略。我们还分析了不同的上下文调制,从单个单词到句子和叙述,以及自上而下和自下而上的影响。同样,我们回顾了最近在包括文化和语言多样性方面的努力,老化,神经退行性疾病,和脑部疾病,以及将双语证据纳入实施方案框架。我们致力于在临床研究中考虑个体差异和背景的重要性,以更有效地推动转化研究,我们指出了如何在未来的研究中正确解决这些问题的建议。系统地调查个体差异和上下文可能有助于理解语言过程中模拟的动态性质,提炼具体的认知理论,并最终填补了人工实验环境中的认知与野外认知之间的差距(即,在日常生活中)。
Embodied theories of cognition consider many aspects of language and other cognitive domains as the result of sensory and motor processes. In this view, the appraisal and the use of concepts are based on mechanisms of simulation grounded on prior sensorimotor experiences. Even though these theories continue receiving attention and support, increasing evidence indicates the need to consider the flexible nature of the simulation process, and to accordingly refine embodied accounts. In this
consensus paper, we discuss two potential sources of variability in experimental studies on embodiment of language: individual differences and context. Specifically, we show how factors contributing to individual differences may explain inconsistent findings in embodied language phenomena. These factors include sensorimotor or cultural experiences, imagery, context-related factors, and cognitive strategies. We also analyze the different contextual modulations, from single words to sentences and narratives, as well as the top-down and bottom-up influences. Similarly, we review recent efforts to include cultural and language diversity, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain disorders, as well as bilingual evidence into the embodiment framework. We address the importance of considering individual differences and context in clinical studies to drive translational research more efficiently, and we indicate recommendations on how to correctly address these issues in future research. Systematically investigating individual differences and context may contribute to understanding the dynamic nature of simulation in language processes, refining embodied theories of cognition, and ultimately filling the gap between cognition in artificial experimental settings and cognition in the wild (i.e., in everyday life).