B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia is a hematologic neoplasm that poses a serious health concern in childhood. Genetic aberrations, such as mutations in the genes IL-7, IL7R, JAK1, JAK2, TLSP, CRLF2, and KTM2A or gene fusions involving BCR::ABL1, ETV6::RUNX1, and PAX5::JAK2, often correlate with the onset of this disease. These aberrations can lead to malfunction of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which is implicated in various important biological processes, including those related to immunology. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the malfunction of the JAK-STAT pathway holds potential for research on drugs targeting its components. Available drugs that interfere with the JAK-STAT pathway include fludarabine, ruxolitinib, and fedratinib.

OBJECTIVE: Retinal microvasculature characteristics predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study investigated associations of lifelong cardiovascular risk factors and effects of dietary intervention on retinal microvasculature in young adulthood.
METHODS: The cohort is derived from the longitudinal Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project study. The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project is a 20-year infancy-onset randomized controlled dietary intervention study with frequent study visits and follow-up extending to age 26 years. The dietary intervention aimed at a heart-healthy diet. Fundus photographs were taken at the 26-year follow-up, and microvascular measures [arteriolar and venular diameters, tortuosity (simple and curvature) and fractal dimensions] were derived (n = 486). Cumulative exposure as the area under the curve for cardiovascular risk factors and dietary components was determined for the longest available time period (e.g. from age 7 months to 26 years).
RESULTS: The dietary intervention had a favourable effect on retinal microvasculature resulting in less tortuous arterioles and venules and increased arteriolar fractal dimension in the intervention group when compared with the control group. The intervention effects were found even when controlled for the cumulative cardiovascular risk factors. Reduced lifelong cumulative intake of saturated fats, main target of the intervention, was also associated with less tortuous venules. Several lifelong cumulative risk factors were independently associated with the retinal microvascular measures, e.g. cumulative systolic blood pressure with narrower arterioles.
CONCLUSIONS: Infancy-onset 20-year dietary intervention had favourable effects on the retinal microvasculature in young adulthood. Several lifelong cumulative cardiovascular risk factors were independently associated with retinal microvascular structure.

UNASSIGNED: Little attention has been given to prenatal cobalamin insufficiency in settings where dietary cobalamin intake is presumed adequate, such as populations with habitual intake of foods from animal sources.
UNASSIGNED: However, low cobalamin status in women of fertile age has been reported in Europe, United States, and Canada. In India, where cobalamin deficiency is highly prevalent, it has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation, as well as insulin resistance and lower neurodevelopment scores in the offspring. Low cobalamin status in pregnancy has been associated with similar outcomes as those reported in the Indian studies although the evidence is scant and conflicting.
UNASSIGNED: Consideration should be given to maternal cobalamin status in the context of prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes as well as cobalamin insufficiency both in the mother and the offspring during lactation. Further attention is now justified with the increasing tendency toward plant-based diets. Reference intervals for cobalamin status during each trimester of pregnancy are needed and further investigation of the long-term conse-quences of low cobalamin status during pregnancy for health and development in the offspring is warranted.
Plain language titleInadequate cobalamin status during critical periods of growth and development can have negative consequences on maternal and childhood health.

Knowledge of the factors affecting functional outcomes has an important role in the development of the care plan in children with spinal cord tumors. Retrospective study was planned to determine predictors of functional independence in children with spinal cord tumors. Data from 80 children treated for spinal cord tumors over 2001-2020-year period was analyzed. Results showed that key predictors such as younger age, higher KPS, and better initial WeeFIM scores were strongly associated with improved functional outcomes. Further multicenter prospective studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore long-term functional outcomes to enhance rehabilitation strategies for this patient population.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect infant and childhood health through immunosuppression. However, the findings of epidemiological literature examining relationships between prenatal/childhood PFAS exposure and vaccine response and infection in humans are still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to examine the effects of PFAS exposure on vaccine antibody response and infection in humans.
METHODS: The MEDLINE/Pubmed database was searched for publications until 1 February 2023 to identify human studies on PFAS exposure and human health. Eligible for inclusion studies had to have an epidemiological study design and must have performed logistic regression analyses of gestational or childhood exposure to PFAS against either antibody levels for pediatric vaccines or the occurrence of children\'s infectious diseases. Information on baseline exposure to PFAS (in ng/mL), the age of PFAS exposure (gestational or in years), and the outcome was measured, potentially leading to multiple exposure-outcome comparisons within each study was collected. Percentage change and standard errors of antibody titers and occurrence of infectious diseases per doubling of PFAS exposure were calculated, and a quality assessment of each study was performed.
RESULTS: Seventeen articles were identified matching the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. In general, a small decrease in antibody response and some associations between PFAS exposure and childhood infections were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis summarizes the findings of PFAS effects on infant and childhood immune health. The immunosuppression findings for infections yielded suggestive evidence related to PFAS exposure, particularly PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA but moderate to no evidence regarding antibody titer reduction.
BACKGROUND: The research protocol of this systematic review is registered and accessible at the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5M2VU ).

暂无摘要。

This research note highlights an emerging transdisciplinary research method-photovoice-and why it is particularly suited for sociological studies of children and youth. Traditional social science data collection methods can be limited in their ability to capture both the depth and breadth of childhood experiences and children\'s perceptions of their experiences. We describe an emerging method, photovoice, that is used more frequently in other disciplines, and its suitability for sociologically studying youth and children. We describe the limitations of traditional social science methods and how photovoice can help overcome some of these limitations. Photovoice engages participants as lived experts who contribute to both the data collection and analysis in an individual and collective manner. Through taking photos and discussing their meaning, participants can share abstract feelings and discuss sensitive topics in an imaginative format and express themselves creatively. We describe how previous research has used photovoice to work with youth from vulnerable circumstances and those who have experienced trauma as well as demonstrate how photovoice is well situated to bolster the tenets of sociological research.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence on weight transitions across life stages and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is limited. We aimed to explore weight transition patterns from birth to childhood to midlife and risk of incident CVDs.
METHODS: A total of 193,905 participants from the UK Biobank were included. Weight at birth, childhood, and midlife were collected at baseline (2006-2010). CVD outcomes were collected at year 2022. We constructed 27 transition patterns from birth to age 10 years to midlife. Cox proportional hazard models yielded hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between weight transition patterns and CVDs. Mediation analyses were performed. Rate advancement periods (RAP) were also calculated.
RESULTS: Several weight transition patterns were clearly linked to risk of CVDs, including \"Low birth weight → high weight at age 10 years → obesity at midlife\" (HR 2.64, 95% CI 2.24-3.11), \"Low birth weight → low weight at age 10 years → obesity at midlife\" (2.27, 1.93-2.66), \"High birth weight → low weight at age 10 years → obesity at midlife\" (2.29, 1.96-2.67), and \"High birth weight → high weight at age 10 years → obesity at midlife\" (2.14, 1.89-2.42), which showed even stronger association with HF. RAPs of these patterns were 8.3-10.6 years for CVD and 10.0-13.1 for HF. 50% of the association between birth weight and CVDs was mediated by weight at midlife.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of weight management throughout the life course in reducing the risk of CVDs, especially maintaining a heathy weight at midlife.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a significant impact on a person\'s psychological development and predispose them to various harmful consequences in adulthood, such as different forms of aggression. Contrarily, positive childhood experiences (PCEs) operate as protective factors, buffering against the adverse effects of ACEs and promoting adaptive behaviors and psychological well-being. However, the role of PCEs in the relationship between ACEs and aggression remains relatively unexplored.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the moderation role of PCEs in the relationship between ACEs and aggression and its different components across sexes in a community sample.
METHODS: A sample of 1541 Portuguese adults answered an online protocol with a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, the Childhood History Questionnaire, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire.
RESULTS: ACEs were positively correlated with aggression, including physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility, with women reporting a higher prevalence of ACEs and higher levels of anger. Men revealed higher scores in physical and verbal aggression. Furthermore, moderation analyses clarified the moderating effect of PCEs on the relationship between ACEs and aggression in women and between ACEs and anger in both sexes. PCEs attenuate the adverse impact of ACEs, reducing aggression and anger levels.
CONCLUSIONS: This study stresses the complex interplay between childhood experiences and adult aggression, highlighting the differential effects of ACEs and PCEs across men and women. By clarifying these dynamics, interventions can be tailored to bolster protective factors like PCEs. This will ultimately foster healthier developmental trajectories and reduce the prevalence of aggression in adulthood.

UNASSIGNED: Epidemiological studies have shown that early-life nutritional deficiencies are associated with an increased risk of diseases later in life. This study aimed to explore the correlation between famine exposure during the early stages of life and cataracts.
UNASSIGNED: We included 5,931 participants from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) 2018 cross-sectional data in our study. Subjects were categorized into three groups by their age during the famine: adulthood group, school age famine exposure group, and teenage famine exposure group. Utilizing binary logistic regression models, we investigated the relationship between early-life famine exposure and cataracts.
UNASSIGNED: Compared to the adulthood group, both the school age exposure group (OR = 2.49, 95%CI = 1.89-3.27) and teenage exposure group (OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.20-1.76) had a heightened risk of developing cataracts in elderly stage. And the sex differences in the impact of famine during early years on elderly cataract risk were observed, particularly indicating a higher risk among women who experienced childhood famine compared to men with similar exposure.
UNASSIGNED: Famine exposure during the early stages of life is associated with a heightened risk of developing cataracts in old age. To prevent cataracts in elderly individuals, particularly in females, measures should be taken to address nutritional deficiencies in these specific periods.