目的:大麻合法化引发了产前大麻使用的增加。鉴于烟草通常与大麻共同使用,确定与产前大麻和烟草共同暴露相关的结局至关重要.虽然有关于产前大麻和烟草暴露对儿童行为的个体影响的文献,它们的组合使用存在差距,可能会产生互动效果。因此,我们调查了产前大麻和烟草共同暴露与产前单独暴露或不暴露两种物质相比,在儿童中期,产前大麻和烟草共同暴露是否与更大的外在化和内在化问题相关.
方法:来自青少年脑认知发育(ABCD)研究(在9-11岁儿童中收集)的基线数据用于探索从儿童行为清单得出的外化和内化得分的差异四组:产前大麻和烟草共同暴露的儿童(CT,n=290),产前只接触大麻的儿童(CAN,n=225),产前只接触烟草的儿童(TOB,n=966),和未暴露的儿童(CTL,n=8,311)。我们还检查了每日烟草暴露量是否调节了大麻暴露对结果的影响。
结果:调整协变量,一个2×2的ANCOVA显示出产前大麻(p=0.03)和烟草暴露(p<0.001)的显着主要影响,并且对外部化分数有显着的交互影响(p=0.032);内在化分数没有发现显着的主要影响或交互。然而,每日大麻量和烟草暴露量之间的相互作用显着预测了外部化和内部化得分(p<0.01)。
结论:这些发现表明,与单独暴露于任何一种物质相比,共同暴露与更大的外部化问题相关,它们彼此没有区别。Further,更多的烟草暴露可能会放大大麻暴露对儿童外化和内化行为的负面影响。这些发现强调了针对孕妇共同使用大麻和烟草的干预措施的必要性,以避免其对中年儿童行为的不利影响。
产前大麻和烟草的共同暴露及其与儿童中期行为的关联我们探讨了与单独使用药物或不使用药物相比,在10岁儿童中,它们的联合使用是否与更大的问题行为相关.我们发现,产前共同暴露的儿童有更大的外化行为,如注意力问题和侵略,与产前接触其中一种物质或不接触的儿童相比。产前共同暴露,仅接触大麻和仅接触烟草对儿童内在化行为没有影响(例如,抑郁症,焦虑)。然而,母亲消费的烟草量放大了大麻对儿童外化和内化行为的负面影响。这些发现强调,需要对孕妇的大麻和烟草共同使用进行专门治疗,以避免这些物质对儿童中期外化行为的不利影响。
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis legalization has triggered an increase in prenatal cannabis use. Given that tobacco is commonly co-used with cannabis, determining outcomes associated with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure is crucial. While literature exists regarding the individual effects of prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure on
childhood behaviour, there is a gap regarding their combined use, which may have interactive effects. Therefore, we investigated whether prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure was associated with greater externalizing and internalizing problems in middle
childhood compared to prenatal exposure to either substance alone or no exposure.
METHODS: Baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (collected in children ages 9-11) were used to explore differences in externalizing and internalizing scores derived from the
Childhood Behavior Checklist across four groups: children with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure (CT, n = 290), children with prenatal cannabis-only exposure (CAN, n = 225), children with prenatal tobacco-only exposure (TOB, n = 966), and unexposed children (CTL, n = 8,311). We also examined if the daily quantity of tobacco exposure modulated the effect of cannabis exposure on outcomes.
RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates, a 2 × 2 ANCOVA revealed significant main effects for prenatal cannabis (p = 0.03) and tobacco exposure (p < 0.001), and a significant interaction effect on externalizing scores (p = 0.032); no significant main effects or interactions were found for internalizing scores. However, interactions between daily quantity of cannabis and tobacco exposure significantly predicted both externalizing and internalizing scores (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that co-exposure is associated with greater externalizing problems than exposure to either substance alone, which did not differ from each other. Further, greater tobacco exposure may amplify the negative effect of cannabis exposure on both externalizing and internalizing behaviours in children. These findings underscore the need for interventions that target cannabis and tobacco co-use in pregnant women to circumvent their adverse impact on middle childhood behaviour.
Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-exposure and its Association with Middle
Childhood BehavioursPlain Language SummaryGiven the high rates of both cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy, we explored if their combined use was associated with greater problematic behaviour in 10-year-old children compared to either substance alone or no substance use. We found that children with prenatal co-exposure had greater externalizing behaviours, such as attention problems and aggression, compared to children with prenatal exposure to one of the substances or no exposure. Prenatal co-exposure, cannabis-only exposure and tobacco-only exposure had no effect on
childhood internalizing behaviours (e.g., depression, anxiety). However, the amount of tobacco consumed by the mother amplified the negative effect of cannabis on both childhood externalizing and internalizing behaviours. These findings emphasize the need for specialized treatment for cannabis and tobacco co-use in pregnant women to circumvent the adverse impact of these substances on externalizing behaviours in middle childhood.