OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in China from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of the leptospirosis control strategy.
METHODS: All data pertaining to clinically diagnosed cases and confirmed cases of leptospirosis reported in China from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022 was collected from Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System. The spatial, temporal and population distributions, and report and diagnosis institutions of leptospirosis cases were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method.
RESULTS: A total of 4 559 leptospirosis cases were reported in China from 2010 to 2022, with an annual average number of 351 cases, and the number of reported leptospirosis cases reduced from 679 cases in 2010 to 158 cases in 2018. A total of 4 276 leptospirosis cases were reported in Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Guangdong Province, Hunan Province, Fujian Province, Zhejiang Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province and Guizhou Province, accounting for 93.79% of the total number of leptospirosis cases in China. The number of leptospirosis cases had recently appeared a remarkable decline in Yunnan Province, while a significant rise was seen in the number of leptospirosis cases in two provinces of Zhejiang and Guangdong. No leptospirosis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2010 to 2020; however, there were 5 cases and 2 cases reported in 2021 and 2022, respectively. There was only one leptospirosis case reported in Shaanxi Province from 2010 to 2017; however, leptospirosis cases were reported in the province for 5 consecutive years since 2018. Leptospirosis cases were reported throughout the year in China from 2010 to 2022, with the peak of incidence found during the period between August and October, and the peak of leptospirosis incidence varied in provinces. A higher number of leptospirosis cases was seen among men than among women, with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1, and the median age of leptospirosis cases was 50 years (interquartile range, 23 years), with the highest proportion of leptospirosis cases reported at ages of 51 to 60 years (23.21%). Among all reported leptospirosis cases, 53.28% were confirmed cases, and the proportion of confirmed cases increased from 35.05% in 2010 to 61.66% in 2022. In addition, there were 67.22% of leptospirosis cases (2 937 cases) reported by comprehensive hospitals, 20.44% (893 cases) by disease control and prevention institutions, 7.23% (316 cases) by grassroots healthcare institutions and 5.10% (223 cases) by other healthcare and medical institutions, and the mortality of reported leptospirosis cases was 1.07% in China from 2010 to 2022, with a higher mortality seen among men than among women (1.39% vs. 0.36%; χ2 = 9.52, P = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of leptospirosis remained at a low level in China from 2010 to 2022, and southern China was still the main endemic area for leptospirosis. The epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis cases varied in endemic provinces, and leptospirosis cases had been continued to be reported in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, which should be paid much attention to. Intensified surveillance of leptospirosis, improved diagnosis and treatment capability of leptospirosis cases and leptospirosis control with adaptations to local circumstance are recommended.
［摘要］ 目的 分析 2010—2022 年我国钩端螺旋体病流行病学特征, 为制订钩端螺旋体病防控策略提供参考依据。方法 在中国疾病预防控制信息系统中, 收集 2010 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 12 月 31 日报告的钩端螺旋体病临床诊断病例和确 诊病例信息, 采用描述性流行病学方法对病例地区、时间、人群分布及报告和诊断机构进行分析。结果 2010—2022 年 全国累计报告钩端螺旋体病病例 4 559 例, 年均报告 351 例; 报告病例数从 2010 年的 679 例下降至 2018 年的 158 例。四 川省、云南省、广东省、湖南省、福建省、浙江省、广西壮族自治区、安徽省、江西省和贵州省累计报告钩端螺旋体病病例 4 276 例, 占全国病例总数的 93.79%; 其中云南省近年病例数大幅下降, 浙江省、广东省报告病例数明显增加。2010—2020 年河南省无钩端螺旋体病病例报告, 但 2021、2022 年分别报告 5 例和 2 例; 2010—2017 年陕西省仅报告 1 例病例, 但 自 2018 年起连续 5 年有病例报告。全国全年均有钩端螺旋体病病例报告, 以 8—10 月为发病高峰, 各省发病高峰存在差 异; 男性病例多于女性, 男女性别比为 2.3:1; 病例中位年龄 50 岁 (四分位间距: 23 岁), 以 51～60 岁组报告病例数占比最 高 (23.21%)。2010—2022 年我国钩端螺旋体病报告病例中, 确诊病例占 53.28%, 确诊病例占比从 2010 年的 35.05% 上升 至 2022 年的 61.66%。综合医院、疾病预防控制机构、基层卫生机构和其他卫生机构钩端螺旋体病报告病例数占比分别 为 67.22% (2 937 例)、20.44% (893 例)、7.23% (316 例)、5.10% (223 例)。2010—2022 年全国钩端螺旋体病报告病例病死 率为1.07%, 男性病死率高于女性 (1.39% vs. 0.36%; χ2 = 9.52, P = 0.002)。结论 2010—2022 年我国钩端螺旋体病处于 低水平流行状态, 南方地区为主要流行区, 各流行省份病例流行病学特征存在差异。陕西省、河南省等省份近年持续有 病例报告, 需加强关注。建议各地加强钩端螺旋体病监测, 提升病例诊治能力, 因地制宜开展防控工作。.

To optimize seasonal influenza control and prevention programs in regions with potentially complicated seasonal patterns. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the etiology of influenza, and chi-square tests were used to compare the epidemic patterns among different influenza virus types and subtypes/lineages. From January 2010 to December 2019, a total of 63,626 ILI cases were reported in Chongqing and 14,136 (22.22%) were laboratory-confirmed influenza cases. The proportions of specimens positive for influenza A and influenza B were 13.32% (8,478/63,626) and 8.86% (5,639/63,626), respectively. The proportion of positive specimens for influenza A reached the highest in winter (23.33%), while the proportion of positive specimens for influenza B reached the highest in spring (11.88%). Children aged 5-14 years old had the highest proportion of positive specimens for influenza. The influenza virus types/subtypes positive was significantly different by seasons and age groups (P<.001), but not by gender (p = .436). The vaccine strains were matched to the circulating influenza virus strains in all other years except for 2018 (vaccine strain was B/Colorado/06/2017; circulating strain was B/Yamagata). The study showed significant variations in epidemic patterns, including seasonal epidemic period and age distributions, among different influenza types, subtypes/lineages in Chongqing. Influenza vaccines matched to the circulating influenza virus strain in nine of the ten years. To prevent and mitigate the influenza outbreaks in this area, high risk population, especially children aged 5-14 years, are encouraged to get vaccinated against influenza before the epidemic seasons.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human ocular thelaziasis patients in China.
METHODS: Case reports regarding human ocular thelaziasis cases in China were retrieved in international and national electronic databases, including CNKI, VIP, CBM, Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Wanfang Database, PubMed and Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. Patients\' gender, age, clinical symptoms, treatment, recurrence, site of infections, time of onset, affected eye, affected sites, number of infected Thelazia callipaeda, sex of T. callipaeda and source of infections were extracted for descriptive analyses.
RESULTS: A total of 85 eligible publications were included, covering 101 cases of human ocular thelaziasis, including 57 males (56.44%) and 44 females (43.56%) and aged from 3 months to 85 years. The main clinical manifestations included foreign body sensation (56 case-times, 22.49%), eye itching (38 case-times, 15.26%), abnormal or increased secretions (36 case-times, 14.46%), tears (28 case-times, 11.24%) and eye redness (28 case-times, 11.24%), and conjunctival congestion (50 case-times, 41.67%) was the most common clinical sign. The most common main treatment (99/101, 98.02%) was removal of parasites from eyes using ophthalmic forceps, followed by administration with ofloxacin and pranoprofen. In publications presenting thelaziasis recurrence, there were 90 cases without recurrence (97.83%) and 2 cases with recurrence (2.17%). Of all cases, 51.96% were reported in four provinces of Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Henan, and ocular thelaziasis predominantly occurred in summer (42.19%) and autumn (42.19%). In addition, 56.45% (35/62) had a contact with dogs.
CONCLUSIONS: The human thelaziasis cases mainly occur in the continental monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate areas such as the Yellow River and the Yangtze River basin, and people of all ages and genders have the disease, with complex clinical symptoms and signs. Personal hygiene is required during the contact with dogs, cats and other animals, and individual protection is required during outdoor activities to prevent thelaziasis.
［摘要］ 目的 探讨我国人眼结膜吸吮线虫病患者临床特征及流行病学特点。方法 检索中国知网、中文科技期刊全 文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国中医药文献数据库、万方数据库、PubMed 和 Web of Science 等数据库, 收集 2011—2022 年我国人眼结膜吸吮线虫病病例报告类文献, 提取患者性别、年龄、临床症状、治疗、复发情况、发生地、发病 时间、发病眼、发病部位、线虫数量、线虫性别及感染源等信息进行描述性统计分析。结果 共纳入 85 篇文献, 报道人眼 结膜吸吮线虫病 101 例, 男女性均有患病, 其中男性 57 例 (占56.44%)、女性 44 例 (占43.56%); 年龄 3 个月~ 85 岁; 主要临 床表现包括异物感 (56 例·次, 占 22.49%)、眼痒 (38 例·次, 占 15.26%)、异常分泌物或分泌物增多 (36 例·次, 占 14.46%)、流泪 (28 例·次, 占 11.24%) 和眼红 (28 例·次, 占11.24%) 等; 临床体征以结膜充血 (50 例·次, 占41.67%) 最常见。患者主 要 (99/101, 占98.02%) 以眼科镊将虫体取出, 再予以氧氟沙星、普拉洛芬等抗炎药进行治疗。在 92 例明确提及复发情况 的病例中, 90 例 (90/92, 占 97.83%) 无复发、2 例 (2/92, 占2.17%) 出现复发。发病地区主要集中于湖北省、山东省、四川 省、河北省和河南省 (53 例, 占 51.96%) 等大陆性季风和亚热带季风气候区; 发病月份主要集中于夏秋两季 (均为 27 例, 各 占 42.19%)。病例中 35 例 (35/62, 占 56.45%) 明确患者与犬接触。结论 我国结膜吸吮线虫病病例主要分布于黄河和长 江流域等大陆性季风和亚热带季风气候区, 各年龄段、各性别人群均有患病, 临床症状和体征均较复杂。预防结膜吸吮 线虫病需注意个人卫生、减少与流行区犬的接触, 同时还需在户外活动时加强个人防护。.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a substantial public health safety concern drawing considerable attention in China and globally. The detection of HBV serological markers can enable the assessment of HBV infection and replication status in vivo and evaluate the body\'s protection against HBV. Therefore, this study aims to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HBV infection in children to prevent and control HBV infection in Wuhan areas.
We conducted an extensive retrospective cohort analysis of 115,029 individuals aged 0-18 years who underwent HBV serological markers detection for HBV infection in hospital between 2018 and 2021 using Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We generated descriptive statistics and analysed HBV infection\'s epidemiological and clinical characteristics between different sex and age groups.
The overall positive detection rates of HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb in all participants were 0.13%, 79.09%, 0.17%, 2.81%, and 5.82%, respectively. The positive rate of HBeAb and HBcAb in males was significantly lower than that in females (2.64% vs. 3.13%, 5.56% vs. 6.29%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-two distinct HBV serological expression patterns were revealed. Among them, 8 common expression patterns accounted for 99.63%, while the remaining 14 uncommon expression patterns were primarily observed in neonatal patients with HBV infection. There are no significant differences in serological patterns based on sex (P < 0.05). The overall HBV infection detection rate was 5.82% [range 5.68-5.95] and showed a declining yearly trend. The rate in females was higher than that in males 6.29% [6.05, 6.35] vs. 5.56% [5.39, 5.59]. The overall HBV diagnostic rate over 4 years was 0.20% [0.17, 0.22], and the rate declined yearly. The prevalence of acute infection was higher than that of other infection types before 2019, but the incidence of unclassified infection showed a significant upward trend after 2019.
While the overall HBV infection detection rate in children has decreased year by year, the infection rate remains high in children under one year and between 4 and 18 years. This continued prevalence warrants heightened attention and vigilance.

In recent years, the infection rate of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) infection in chickens has risen significantly, seriously endangering the development of the chicken industry. In order to study the current epidemiological status of AEV in China as well as the genetic and evolutionary patterns of the virus, we conducted a survey and genomic analysis of chicken AEV. The results showed that 46.26% (136/294) of the tissue samples tested (n = 294) were positive for AEV, with the highest positivity rate of 62.24% (61/98) among tissue samples from chickens aged 13 to 18 wk. The complete genomes of 2 representative AEV strains were determined, and the VP1 evolutionary tree results revealed that the 2 representative strains belonged to a novel AEV strain. Multiple alignment analysis showed that the ORF1 genes of the 2 representative strains differed by 82.3 to 99.9% at the amino acid level compared with the reference AEV strain, and the mutations at the key amino acid loci of VP2 and VP3 were the same as those in the chick embryo-adapted strain. The analysis makes up for the molecular epidemiological data and genetic variation of the 2 representative strains. The analysis makes up for the molecular epidemiological data and genetic variation of AEV and provides a basis for further understanding the spread of AEV in China.

HIV/AIDS remains a global public health problem, and understanding the structure of social networks of people living with HIV/AIDS is of great importance to unravel HIV transmission, propose precision control and reduce new infections. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of HIV transmission in Fujian province, southeastern China from 2015 to 2020 based on HIV molecular network.
Newly diagnosed, treatment-naive HIV/AIDS patients were randomly sampled from Fujian province in 2015 and 2020. Plasma was sampled for in-house genotyping resistance test, and HIV molecular network was created using the HIV-TRACE tool. Factors affecting the inclusion of variables in the HIV molecular network were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
A total of 1,714 eligible cases were finally recruited, including 806 cases in 2015 and 908 cases in 2020. The dominant HIV subtypes were CRF01_AE (41.7%) and CRF07_BC (38.3%) in 2015 and CRF07_BC (53. 3%) and CRF01_AE (29.1%) in 2020, and the prevalence of HIV drug resistance was 4.2% in 2015 and 5.3% in 2020. Sequences of CRF07_BC formed the largest HIV-1 transmission cluster at a genetic distance threshold of both 1.5 and 0.5%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that ages of under 20 years and over 60 years, CRF07_BC subtype, Han ethnicity, sampling in 2015, absence of HIV drug resistance, married with spouse, sampling from three cities of Jinjiang, Nanping and Quanzhou resulted in higher proportions of sequences included in the HIV transmission molecular network at a genetic distance threshold of 1.5% (p < 0.05).
Our findings unravel the HIV molecular transmission network of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in Fujian province, southeastern China, which facilitates the understanding of HIV transmission patterns in the province.

UNASSIGNED: We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and provide recommendations for its control and prevention.
UNASSIGNED: A descriptive epidemiological analysis was designed for HFMD in children through direct network report from 2015 to 2019.
UNASSIGNED: From 2015 to 2019, a total 27,395 HFMD cases were reported at Infection Clinic of Shanghai Children\'s Hospital, Shanghai, China, accounting for 79.24% of the number of reported notifiable infectious disease cases (34,573). The cases number increased since May and reached a peak from June to September, then decreased from October to December with a second small peak in some years. The proportion of cases in boys is higher than in girls (59.7% vs. 40.3%). The cases number of stay-at-home children was higher in 2016 and 2018 (60.07% and 60.95%) than in 2019 (33.47%), and that of kindergarten children and students in 2019 (51.73% and 9.75%) was significantly higher than in other years. Overall, 22606 cases were reported in <5 years group, accounting for 82.52% of the total number of cases during 2015-2019. The proportion of the cases in 5-10 and >10 years groups increased year by year from 2015 to 2019, which is statistically significant. (χ2=71.105, P=0.00; χ2=78.413, P=0.00).
UNASSIGNED: The epidemiological characteristics of HFMD had changed during 2015-2019. Analysis of these data can provide helpful evidence to prevention and early treatment of the HFMD, and identification severe cases and handling the outbreaks.

BACKGROUND: People living in malaria endemic areas are at risk of suffering from the recurrent malaria episodes. The recurrent episode of malaria can be determined by various factors and will bring some serious impacts on all life aspects. This study aims to identify malaria demographics and factors associated with the recurrent episodes of malaria in Timika, Papua.
METHODS: This observational study used medical record data from the Naena Muktipura Sub-District Health Center, Timika Papua in 2020. Plasmodium infection was identified based upon microscopic examination. Subjects were then categorized into positive and negative malaria followed by the determination of the positivity rate. Each case of malaria was traced regarding frequency, time, and type of Plasmodium. The recurrent episodes of malaria were defined as Plasmodium infections occurred more than once in a year. Demographic data including age, sex, and ethnicity were then analyzed using Chi square.
RESULTS: The incidence of recurrent malaria in Timika Papua was 16% with the highest positivity rate occurred in June. The most recurrent episodes of malaria were 2 episodes (77.2%) in which men were more at risk (OR 2.512). Meanwhile, ethnicity and age were not associated with recurrent episodes. Most of recurrent episodes of malaria are caused by the similar plasmodium species, particularly Plasmodium falciparum (82.25%) with the shortest interval between episodes of 14 days.
CONCLUSIONS: Malaria is mostly experienced by men, of productive age and Javanese ethnicity. Men were found more at risk of experiencing recurrent episodes of malaria. The identification of these demographic factors is important to issue the policies on malaria elimination and malaria transmission termination in Timika, Papua.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral illness commonly seen in young children under 5 years of age, characterized by typical manifestations such as oral herpes and rashes on the hands and feet. These symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within a few days without complications. Over the past two decades, our understanding of HFMD has greatly improved and it has received significant attention. A variety of research studies, including epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies, suggest that the disease may be associated with potentially fatal neurological complications. These findings reveal clinical, epidemiological, pathological, and etiological characteristics that are quite different from initial understandings of the illness. It is important to note that HFMD has been linked to severe cardiopulmonary complications, as well as severe neurological sequelae that can be observed during follow-up. At present, there is no specific pharmaceutical intervention for HFMD. An inactivated Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine that has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) has been shown to provide a high level of protection against EV-A71-related HFMD. However, the simultaneous circulation of multiple pathogens and the evolution of the molecular epidemiology of infectious agents make interventions based solely on a single agent comparatively inadequate. Enteroviruses are highly contagious and have a predilection for the nervous system, particularly in child populations, which contributes to the ongoing outbreak. Given the substantial impact of HFMD around the world, this Review synthesizes the current knowledge of the virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, sequelae, and vaccine development of HFMD to improve clinical practices and public health efforts.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of Blastocystis hominis infection among children with diarrhea under five years of age in Guangzhou City.
METHODS: Children with diarrhea under 5 years of age admitted to Guangzhou Children\'s hospital, Guangzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children\'s Medical Center during the period between January 1 and December 31, 2020, were enrolled. Participants\' demographics, living environments and health status were collected using questionnaire surveys. Stool samples were collected from participants and nucleic acid was extracted. B. hominis infection was identified using PCR assay and sequence alignment, and the factors affecting B. hominis infection among children with diarrhea under 5 years of age were identified using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 684 children with diarrhea under 5 years of age were enrolled, including 468 male children and 216 female children, with a mean age of (1.79 ± 1.12) years. The overall prevalence of B. hominis infection was 4.97% [34/684, 95% confidential interval (CI): (3.59%, 6.86%)] among participants, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of B. hominis infection between children with chronic [7.52% (20/266), 95% CI: (4.92%, 11.33%)] and acute diarrhea [3.35% (14/418), 95% CI: (2.01%, 5.54%)] (χ2 = 5.983, P = 0.014). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified keeping pet [odds ratio (OR) = 6.298, 95% CI: (2.711, 14.633)], drinking non-tap water [OR = 4.522, 95% CI: (1.769, 11.561)], lactose intolerance [OR = 4.221, 95% CI: (1.043, 17.087)], antibiotic use [OR = 0.125, 95% CI: (0.017, 0.944)] and chronic diarrhea [OR = 2.172, 95% CI: (1.018, 4.637)] as factors affecting B. hominis infection among children with diarrhea under 5 years of age in Guangzhou City.
CONCLUSIONS: B. hominis infections is detected in children with diarrhea under five years of age in Guangzhou City. Improving home environments and pet-keeping hygiene is recommended to reduce the likelihood of B. hominis infection among children.
［摘要］ 目的了解广州市5岁以下腹泻儿童人芽囊原虫感染率及其影响因素。方法 以2020年1月1日至12月31日 广州市儿童医院、广州市妇婴医院和广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的5岁以下腹泻患儿作为调査对象, 通过问卷调査了 解患儿基本情况、生活环境、健康状况等信息。采集腹泻患儿粪便样本, 提取核酸, 通过PCR检测、序列对比确定是否感 染人芽囊原虫。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析对5岁以下腹泻儿童感染人芽囊原虫的影响因素进行分析。结果 共招募5岁以下腹泻儿童684例, 其中男、女童分别为468例和216例, 平均年龄为(1.79±1.12)岁。腹泻儿童人芽 囊原虫感染率为 4.97%[34/684, 95% 置信区间(confidential interval, CI): (3.59%, 6.86%)];慢性腹泻儿童感染率[7.52% (20/266), 95% CI: (4.92%, 11.33%)]高于急性腹泻儿童[3.35%(14/418), 95% CI: (2.01%, 5.54%)], 差异有统计学意义 (χ2 = 5.983, P = 0.014)。多因素logistic 回归分析显示, 饲养宠物[比值比(OR)=6.298, 95% CI: 2.711, 14.633)]、饮用非自 来水[OR = 4.522, 95% CI: (1.769, 11.561)]、乳糖不耐受[OR = 4.221, 95% CI: (1.043, 17.087)]、使用抗生素[OR = 0.125, 95% CI: (0.017, 0.944)]和慢性腹泻[OR = 2.172, 95%CI: (1.018, 4.637)]是广州市5岁以下腹泻儿童人芽囊原虫感染的影响 因素。结论 广州市5岁以下腹泻儿童中存在人芽囊原虫感染, 建议改善家庭环境及宠物卫生状况, 以降低儿童感染人芽 囊原虫等病原体的机会。.