Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a prevalent acute infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, presenting substantial public health challenges in Shanghai, especially among children. The dynamic nature of HFMD\'s etiology necessitates an ongoing evaluation of its epidemiological and virological trends to inform effective control strategies. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological patterns and viral evolution of HFMD in Fengxian District, Shanghai, China, with a focus on shifts in predominant viral strains over a 14-year period. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HFMD cases reported to the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System in Fengxian District from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2022. Epidemiological trends, strain prevalence, and demographic impacts were assessed. A total of 27,272 HFMD cases were documented during the study period, with incidence showing pronounced seasonal fluctuations-peaking in spring and summer and a lesser peak in autumn. The disease incidence demonstrated significant positive correlations with several meteorological variables: daily average temperature (r = 0.30, P < 0.05), relative humidity (r = 0.20, P < 0.05), wind speed (r = 0.17, P < 0.05), and precipitation (r = 0.17, P < 0.05). Geographically, Nanqiao Town, Fengcheng Town, and Xidu Subdistrict reported the highest incidence rates. The demographic analysis revealed a male-to-female ratio of 1.60:1, predominantly affecting children aged 1-3 years. Prior to 2017, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) were the primary detected strains; post-2017, Coxsackievirus A6 (CoxA6) emerged as the dominant strain. Statistical analysis confirmed significant year-to-year variations in virus detection rates, with decreasing trends for EV71 and other enteroviruses and an increasing trend for CoxA6. The findings indicate a distinct seasonal incidence of HFMD in Fengxian District. This study underscores the need for targeted public health education, enhanced surveillance, and proactive measures in childcare facilities to mitigate disease spread during peak seasons. Moreover, the evolving viral landscape warrants accelerated efforts in vaccine development against new strains to reduce HFMD incidence.

To optimize seasonal influenza control and prevention programs in regions with potentially complicated seasonal patterns. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the etiology of influenza, and chi-square tests were used to compare the epidemic patterns among different influenza virus types and subtypes/lineages. From January 2010 to December 2019, a total of 63,626 ILI cases were reported in Chongqing and 14,136 (22.22%) were laboratory-confirmed influenza cases. The proportions of specimens positive for influenza A and influenza B were 13.32% (8,478/63,626) and 8.86% (5,639/63,626), respectively. The proportion of positive specimens for influenza A reached the highest in winter (23.33%), while the proportion of positive specimens for influenza B reached the highest in spring (11.88%). Children aged 5-14 years old had the highest proportion of positive specimens for influenza. The influenza virus types/subtypes positive was significantly different by seasons and age groups (P<.001), but not by gender (p = .436). The vaccine strains were matched to the circulating influenza virus strains in all other years except for 2018 (vaccine strain was B/Colorado/06/2017; circulating strain was B/Yamagata). The study showed significant variations in epidemic patterns, including seasonal epidemic period and age distributions, among different influenza types, subtypes/lineages in Chongqing. Influenza vaccines matched to the circulating influenza virus strain in nine of the ten years. To prevent and mitigate the influenza outbreaks in this area, high risk population, especially children aged 5-14 years, are encouraged to get vaccinated against influenza before the epidemic seasons.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a substantial public health safety concern drawing considerable attention in China and globally. The detection of HBV serological markers can enable the assessment of HBV infection and replication status in vivo and evaluate the body\'s protection against HBV. Therefore, this study aims to identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HBV infection in children to prevent and control HBV infection in Wuhan areas.
We conducted an extensive retrospective cohort analysis of 115,029 individuals aged 0-18 years who underwent HBV serological markers detection for HBV infection in hospital between 2018 and 2021 using Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We generated descriptive statistics and analysed HBV infection\'s epidemiological and clinical characteristics between different sex and age groups.
The overall positive detection rates of HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb in all participants were 0.13%, 79.09%, 0.17%, 2.81%, and 5.82%, respectively. The positive rate of HBeAb and HBcAb in males was significantly lower than that in females (2.64% vs. 3.13%, 5.56% vs. 6.29%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-two distinct HBV serological expression patterns were revealed. Among them, 8 common expression patterns accounted for 99.63%, while the remaining 14 uncommon expression patterns were primarily observed in neonatal patients with HBV infection. There are no significant differences in serological patterns based on sex (P < 0.05). The overall HBV infection detection rate was 5.82% [range 5.68-5.95] and showed a declining yearly trend. The rate in females was higher than that in males 6.29% [6.05, 6.35] vs. 5.56% [5.39, 5.59]. The overall HBV diagnostic rate over 4 years was 0.20% [0.17, 0.22], and the rate declined yearly. The prevalence of acute infection was higher than that of other infection types before 2019, but the incidence of unclassified infection showed a significant upward trend after 2019.
While the overall HBV infection detection rate in children has decreased year by year, the infection rate remains high in children under one year and between 4 and 18 years. This continued prevalence warrants heightened attention and vigilance.

In recent years, the infection rate of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) infection in chickens has risen significantly, seriously endangering the development of the chicken industry. In order to study the current epidemiological status of AEV in China as well as the genetic and evolutionary patterns of the virus, we conducted a survey and genomic analysis of chicken AEV. The results showed that 46.26% (136/294) of the tissue samples tested (n = 294) were positive for AEV, with the highest positivity rate of 62.24% (61/98) among tissue samples from chickens aged 13 to 18 wk. The complete genomes of 2 representative AEV strains were determined, and the VP1 evolutionary tree results revealed that the 2 representative strains belonged to a novel AEV strain. Multiple alignment analysis showed that the ORF1 genes of the 2 representative strains differed by 82.3 to 99.9% at the amino acid level compared with the reference AEV strain, and the mutations at the key amino acid loci of VP2 and VP3 were the same as those in the chick embryo-adapted strain. The analysis makes up for the molecular epidemiological data and genetic variation of the 2 representative strains. The analysis makes up for the molecular epidemiological data and genetic variation of AEV and provides a basis for further understanding the spread of AEV in China.

HIV/AIDS remains a global public health problem, and understanding the structure of social networks of people living with HIV/AIDS is of great importance to unravel HIV transmission, propose precision control and reduce new infections. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of HIV transmission in Fujian province, southeastern China from 2015 to 2020 based on HIV molecular network.
Newly diagnosed, treatment-naive HIV/AIDS patients were randomly sampled from Fujian province in 2015 and 2020. Plasma was sampled for in-house genotyping resistance test, and HIV molecular network was created using the HIV-TRACE tool. Factors affecting the inclusion of variables in the HIV molecular network were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
A total of 1,714 eligible cases were finally recruited, including 806 cases in 2015 and 908 cases in 2020. The dominant HIV subtypes were CRF01_AE (41.7%) and CRF07_BC (38.3%) in 2015 and CRF07_BC (53. 3%) and CRF01_AE (29.1%) in 2020, and the prevalence of HIV drug resistance was 4.2% in 2015 and 5.3% in 2020. Sequences of CRF07_BC formed the largest HIV-1 transmission cluster at a genetic distance threshold of both 1.5 and 0.5%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that ages of under 20 years and over 60 years, CRF07_BC subtype, Han ethnicity, sampling in 2015, absence of HIV drug resistance, married with spouse, sampling from three cities of Jinjiang, Nanping and Quanzhou resulted in higher proportions of sequences included in the HIV transmission molecular network at a genetic distance threshold of 1.5% (p < 0.05).
Our findings unravel the HIV molecular transmission network of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in Fujian province, southeastern China, which facilitates the understanding of HIV transmission patterns in the province.

UNASSIGNED: We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and provide recommendations for its control and prevention.
UNASSIGNED: A descriptive epidemiological analysis was designed for HFMD in children through direct network report from 2015 to 2019.
UNASSIGNED: From 2015 to 2019, a total 27,395 HFMD cases were reported at Infection Clinic of Shanghai Children\'s Hospital, Shanghai, China, accounting for 79.24% of the number of reported notifiable infectious disease cases (34,573). The cases number increased since May and reached a peak from June to September, then decreased from October to December with a second small peak in some years. The proportion of cases in boys is higher than in girls (59.7% vs. 40.3%). The cases number of stay-at-home children was higher in 2016 and 2018 (60.07% and 60.95%) than in 2019 (33.47%), and that of kindergarten children and students in 2019 (51.73% and 9.75%) was significantly higher than in other years. Overall, 22606 cases were reported in <5 years group, accounting for 82.52% of the total number of cases during 2015-2019. The proportion of the cases in 5-10 and >10 years groups increased year by year from 2015 to 2019, which is statistically significant. (χ2=71.105, P=0.00; χ2=78.413, P=0.00).
UNASSIGNED: The epidemiological characteristics of HFMD had changed during 2015-2019. Analysis of these data can provide helpful evidence to prevention and early treatment of the HFMD, and identification severe cases and handling the outbreaks.

UNASSIGNED: Occupational cancers are a major threat to workers\' health in China. The latest version of the Classification and Catalogue of the Occupational Diseases includes 11 occupational cancers. This study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of occupational cancers in China reported to the National Occupational Disease Reporting System during 2006-2020.
UNASSIGNED: Occupational cancers reported during 2016-2020 were obtained from the National Occupational Disease Reporting System. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed by year, region, industry, gender, age at diagnosis, and exposure duration to occupational hazards.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, a total of 1,116 cases of occupational cancers were reported between 2006 and 2020. The main types reported were leukemia caused by benzene exposure (511, 45.79%), lung cancer caused by coke oven exhaust exposure (266, 23.84%), and lung cancer and mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure (226, 20.25%). There were 6 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) that had reported over 50 new cases in the last 15 years. Most cases (913, 81.18%) were distributed in the manufacturing industry. There were 870 (77.96%) male cases and 246 (22.04%) female cases. The average age at diagnosis of all reported cases was 51.91±15.85 years, and the median exposure duration to occupational hazards was 12 (5.29-23.25) years.
UNASSIGNED: There is a large discrepancy between the high morbidity of occupational cancers and a low number of cases diagnosed and reported cases. Occupational cancers in China may be underestimated, and comprehensive measures should be taken to improve the diagnosis and reporting of occupational cancers.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries are common but can lead to devastating outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia, it is thought that the burden of traumatic MSK injuries is minimized.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the epidemiological characteristics of traumatic MSK injuries during the lockdown period in Saudi Arabia.
METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study included all patients who were admitted to the orthopedic department at a single tertiary hospital level 1 trauma center due to traumatic injuries from March 23 to June 21, 2020.
RESULTS: The study included 92 patients. The majority were male (68.5%). The most common comorbidity was hypertension (30.4%). Falls were the most common mechanism of injury (47%). The most common sites to be fractured were the proximal femur (22.8%) followed by the distal tibia/fibula (14%). Skull fractures (12%), rib fractures (6.5%), and pneumothorax (6.5%) were the most common associated injuries. Age and the number of injuries were significant predictors of increased length of hospital stay.
CONCLUSIONS: Major considerations for primary prevention must be taken into account during long periods of time with no direct patient interaction. Patient education is important to help avoid any burden that might be caused by otherwise preventable injuries. Further studies should be conducted to assess this phenomenon more in depth and to establish the appropriate method of educating patients on primary prevention.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is currently the main cause of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in female patients. By analyzing 6-year patient data from Shanghai Zhoupu Hospital in China, we retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of women to determine the relationship between HPV genotype and cytological test results.
From 2014 to 2019, 23,724 cases of cervical shedding were collected from Zhoupu Hospital in Shanghai, China. By comparing the results of HPV and ThinPrep cytology test (TCT), the HPV infection rate of patients was retrospectively analyzed. HPV genotyping using commercial kits can detect 21 HPV subtypes (15 high-risk and 6 low-risk). According to the definition of the Bethesda system, seven types of cervical cytology results were involved.
3816 among 23,724 women, nearly 16.08%, were infected with HPV. The top three highest HPV prevalence rates were high-risk type infection, including HPV52 (3.19%), 58 (2.47%) and 16 (2.34%). The number of single-type HPV infections (3480 (91.20%)) was much larger than the number of multi-type ones (336 (8.8%)). Single-type infections were mainly in women aged 50-60 (16.63%) and women under 30 (15.37%), while multi-type infections were more common in women over 60 (2.67%). By analyzing the long-term trends, between 2014 and 2019, HPV52, 58, and 16 subtypes changed significantly, and the HPV positive rate also changed significantly during this period. Among 4502 TCT positive women, 15 (4.04%), 125 (2.64%),159 (1.54%), 4202 (17.71%) and 1 (0.004%) had atypical glandular cells (AGC), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), atypical squamous cells (ASC)and cervical adenocarcinoma, respectively. The HPV infection rates were 66.08%, 63.99%, 115.20%, 119.50%, and 31.72% for NILM, AGCs, HSILs LSILs and ASCs, respectively.
HPV and TCT screening were very important steps in the secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Through the tracking and analysis of HPV and TCT results in this study, it can provide valuable information for Shanghai\'s HPV screening and prevention strategies, and provide references for clinical decision-making in the treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.

This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of six epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Republic of Korea between 2014 and 2019. A total of 223 outbreaks had been confirmed in 40 municipalities across nine provinces. Most farms with FMD (194, 87%) were located in three densely populated livestock areas (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do). More cases of FMD were found in farms with more than 1,000 pigs or 50 cattle (risk ratios = 1.27 for pigs; 9.46 for Korean native cattle) and fattening pigs. In farms affected by FMD, the proportion of animals with vaccine antibodies was low (5%-50% for Korean native beef cattle farms with FMD in 2017 vs. 97.5% in the surveillance in 2016). Effective control of FMD can be achieved through strict biosecurity measures, proper vaccination, regionalized management, and instilling awareness of FMD prevention in farmers.