Objective: To investigate the effect of high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet combined with radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment of mice with lung xenografts. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were selected to establish the Lewis lung cancer model, and they were divided into the normal diet group, the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group, the normal diet + radiotherapy group, and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group, with 18 mice in each group. The mice in the normal diet group and the normal diet + radiotherapy group were fed with the normal diet with 12.11% fat for energy supply, and the mice in the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group were fed with high-fat and low-carbohydratediet with 45.00% fat for energy. On the 12th to 14th days, the tumor sites of the mice in the normal diet + radiotherapy group and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group were treated with radiotherapy, and the irradiation dose was 24 Gy/3f. The body weight, tumor volume, blood glucose and blood ketone level, liver and kidney function, and survival status of the mice were observed and monitored. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the tumor-associated microangiogenesis molecule (CD34) and lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), Sirius staining was used to detect collagen fibers, and multiplex immunofluorescence was used to detect CD8 and programmed death-1 (PD-1). Expression of immune cell phenotypes (CD3, CD4, CD8, and Treg) was detected by flow cytometry. Results: On the 27th day after inoculation, the body weigh of the common diet group was(24.78±2.22)g, which was significantly higher than that of the common diet + radiotherapy group [(22.15±0.48)g, P=0.030] and high-fat low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group [(22.02±0.77)g, P=0.031)]. On the 15th day after inoculation, the tumor volume of the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group was (220.88±130.05) mm3, which was significantly smaller than that of the normal diet group [(504.37±328.48) mm3, P=0.042)] and the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet group [(534.26±230.42) mm3, P=0.016], but there was no statistically significant difference compared with the normal diet + radiotherapy group [(274.64±160.97) mm3]. In the 4th week, the blood glucose values of the mice in the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group were lower than those in the normal diet group, with the value being (8.00±0.36) mmol/L and (9.57±0.40) mmol/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The blood ketone values of the mice in the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group were higher than those in the normal diet group, with the value being (1.00±0.20) mmol/L and (0.63±0.06) mmol/L, respectively, in the second week. In the third week, the blood ketone values of the two groups of mice were (0.90±0.17) mmol/L and (0.70±0.10) mmol/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). On the 30th day after inoculation, there were no significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea between the normal diet group and the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet group (all P＞0.05). The hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, and kidneys of the mice in each group had no obvious toxic changes and tumor metastasis. In the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group, the expression of CD8 was up-regulated in the tumor tissues of mice, and the expressions of PD-1, CD34, LYVE-1, and collagen fibers were down-regulated. The proportion of CD8+ T cells in the paratumoral lymph nodes of the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group was (25.13±0.97)%, higher than that of the normal diet group [(20.60±2.23)%, P＜0.050] and the normal diet + radiotherapy group [(19.26±3.07)%, P＜0.05], but there was no statistically significant difference with the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group [(22.03±1.75)%, P＞0.05]. The proportion, of CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes adjacent to the tumor in the normal diet + radiotherapy group (31.33±5.16)% and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group (30.63±1.70)% were higher than that in the normal diet group [(20.27±2.15)%, P＜0.05] and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group (23.70±2.62, P＜0.05). Treg cells accounted for the highest (16.58±5.10)% of T cells in the para-tumor lymph nodes of the normal diet + radiotherapy group, but compared with the normal diet group, the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet group, and the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet + radiotherapy group, there was no statistically significant difference (all P＞0.05). Conclusion: High-fat and low-carbohydrate diet plus radiotherapy can enhance the recruitment and function of immune effector cells in the tumor microenvironment, inhibit tumor microangiogenesis, and thus inhibit tumor growth.
目的： 探讨高脂低碳水化合物饮食联合放疗对肺移植瘤小鼠肿瘤微环境的影响。 方法： 选用C57BL/6J小鼠建立Lewis肺癌模型，分为普通饮食组、高脂低碳水化合物饮食组、普通饮食+放疗组和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组，每组18只。普通饮食组和普通饮食+放疗组小鼠予以普通饮食（脂肪供能比例为12.11%）饲养，高脂低碳水化合物饮食组和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组小鼠予以高脂低碳水化合物饮食（脂肪供能比例为45.00%）饲养。第12～14天对普通饮食+放疗组和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组小鼠的肿瘤部位进行放射治疗，照射剂量为24 Gy/3f，观察和监测小鼠体重、肿瘤体积、血糖和血酮值、肝肾功能、生存情况。采用免疫组织化学染色检测CD34和淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1（LYVE-1），采用天狼星染色检测胶原纤维，采用多重免疫荧光检测CD8和程序性死亡蛋白1（PD-1），采用流式细胞术检测免疫细胞表型。 结果： 接种后第27天，普通饮食组小鼠的体重为（24.78±2.22）g，高于普通饮食+放疗组［（22.15±0.48）g，P=0.030］和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组［（22.02±0.77）g，P=0.031）］。在接种后第15天，高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组的肿瘤体积为（220.88±130.05）mm3，小于普通饮食组［（504.37±328.48）㎜3，P=0.042）］和高脂低碳水化合物饮食组［（534.26±230.42）mm3，P=0.016］，但与普通饮食+放疗组［（274.64±160.97）mm3］差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。第4周高脂低碳水化合物饮食组小鼠的血糖值为（8.00±0.36）mmol/L，低于普通饮食组［（9.57±0.40）mmol/L，P＜0.05］。第2周和第3周高脂低碳水化合物饮食组小鼠的血酮值分别为（1.00±0.20）mmol/L和（0.90±0.17）mmol/L，均高于普通饮食组［分别为（0.63±0.06）mmol/L和（0.70±0.10）mmol/L，均P＜0.05］。接种后第30天，普通饮食组与高脂低碳水化合物饮食组小鼠的天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酐和尿素等指标差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05），各组小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾均未见明显毒性改变及肿瘤转移。普通饮食组、高脂低碳水化合物饮食组和普通饮食+放疗组小鼠的中位生存时间分别为38、41和55 d，高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组小鼠的中位生存时间未达到。高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组小鼠肿瘤组织中CD8表达上调，PD-1、CD34、LYVE-1和胶原纤维表达下调。高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组的肿瘤旁淋巴结中CD8+ T细胞比例［（25.13±0.97）%］高于普通饮食组［（20.60±2.23）%，P＜0.05］和普通饮食+放疗组［（19.26±3.07）%，P＜0.05］，但与高脂低碳水化合物饮食组［（22.03±1.75）%］差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。普通饮食+放疗组肿瘤旁淋巴结中CD4+ T细胞比例［（31.33±5.16）%］和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组肿瘤旁淋巴结中CD4+ T细胞比例［（30.63±1.70）%］高于普通饮食组［（20.27±2.15）%，P＜0.05］和高脂低碳水化合物饮食组（23.70±2.62，P＜0.05）。普通饮食+放疗组的肿瘤旁淋巴结中Treg细胞在T细胞中占比最高［（16.58±5.10）%］，但与普通饮食组、高脂低碳水化合物饮食组和高脂低碳水化合物饮食+放疗组比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。 结论： 高脂低碳水化合物饮食联合放疗可促进肺癌肿瘤微环境中免疫效应细胞的募集并增强其功能，抑制肿瘤微血管生成，从而抑制肿瘤生长。.

BACKGROUND: The cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lifestyle modification including a healthy diet, typically one in which carbohydrate provides 45%-60% of total energy intake (E%). Nevertheless, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of trials with low carbohydrate diets (which are increased in protein and/or fat) for T2D have found improved glycaemic control in the first months relative to comparator diets with higher carbohydrate content. Studies lasting ≥1 year are inconclusive, which could be due to decreased long-term dietary adherence. We hypothesise that glucometabolic benefits can be achieved following 12 months of carbohydrate-restricted dieting, by maximising dietary adherence through delivery of meal kits, containing fresh, high-quality ingredients for breakfast, dinner and snacks, combined with nutrition education and counselling.
METHODS: This protocol describes a 12-month investigator-initiated randomised controlled, open-label, superiority trial with two parallel groups that will examine the effect of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet compared with a conventional diabetes (CD) diet on glucometabolic control (change in glycated haemoglobin being the primary outcome) in 100 individuals with T2D and body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2. Participants will be randomised 1:1 to receive either the CRHP or the CD diet (comprised 30/50 E% from carbohydrate, 30/17 E% from protein and 40/33 E% from fat, respectively) for 12 months delivered as meal kits, containing foods covering more than two-thirds of the participants\' estimated daily energy requirements for weight maintenance. Adherence to the allocated diets will be reinforced by monthly sessions of nutrition education and counselling from registered clinical dietitians.
BACKGROUND: The trial has been approved by the National Committee on Health Research Ethics of the Capital Region of Denmark. The trial will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results will be submitted for publication in international peer-reviewed scientific journals.
BACKGROUND: NCT05330247.
METHODS: The trial protocol was approved on 9 March 2022 (study number: H-21057605). The latest version of the protocol, described in this manuscript, was approved on 23 June 2023.

UNASSIGNED: Metabolic syndrome is a global health concern. It is a condition that includes a cluster of various risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This quasi-experimental study investigates the effect of a nurse-led low-carbohydrate regimen on anthropometric and laboratory parameters in metabolic syndrome patients.
UNASSIGNED: The study used a quasi-experimental design conducted at the University of Mosul; 128 participants meeting the metabolic syndrome criteria were recruited and divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received personalized counseling and support in implementing a low-carb regime, while the control group received standard advice. The study participants were assessed by anthropometry, and laboratory parameters were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Statistical data analysis was conducted using IBM-SPSS 27, including chi-square, Fisher\'s exact test, t-tests, and the Mcnemar test, which were performed to compare the changes within and between groups.
UNASSIGNED: The mean age of the participants in the intervention and control groups was 50.72 ± 6.43 years and 49.14 ± 6.89 years, respectively. Compared to the control group, the intervention group experienced a significant positive reduction in anthropometric measures and laboratory parameters, including weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profiles, and HbA1c.
UNASSIGNED: A tangible effect of nurse-led interventions based on low-carbohydrate regimens in managing metabolic syndrome was empirically authenticated. Positive changes were observed in the intervention group regarding anthropometric measures and laboratory parameters. However, future research may require a larger sample size and a longer follow-up to confirm these effects and evaluate long-term metabolic impacts.

Diets for weight loss have a long history but an ideal one has not yet been clearly identified. To compare low-fat and lower carbohydrate diets, we designed The Preventing Overweight by Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS) Lost study. This is a 2 × 2 factorial study with diets of 20% or 40% fat and 15% or 25% protein with a graded carbohydrate intake of 35, 45, 55 and 65%. Weight loss, overall, was modest at nearly 6% with all four diets, and no significant dietary difference. The variability in weight loss in each diet group was significant, ranging from greater than 20% to a small weight gain. Studies of genetic variations in relation to weight loss showed that the diet that was selected could significantly affect weight loss, emphasizing that there is no ideal diet and more than one diet can be used to treat obesity. Weight loss was also influenced by the level of baseline triiodothyronine or thyroxine, and baseline carbohydrate and insulin resistance. Achieving a stable Health Eating Food Diversity Index, eating more protein, eating more fiber, engaging in more physical activity, sleeping better and eating less ultra-processed foods were beneficial strategies for weight loss in this trial. Although there is no \"ideal diet\", both the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet have clinical trials showing their significant benefit for cardiovascular risk factors. Finally, the lesson of the \"Last Chance Diet\", which recommended a diet with protein from gelatin, proved that some diets could be hazardous.

Effective weight management interventions involve a combination of behavioral strategies focusing on dietary changes. Tracing the change through mobile apps has been proven to be a valuable platform for facilitating weight management in many countries. However, the effectiveness of mobile app-based dietary intervention on weight management in Taiwan remains to be determined. By using the designated mobile app, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of the diet intervention, which is based on a 2:1:1 portion control plate and a flexible low-carbohydrate (FLC) diet. This 8-week retrospective cohort study involved 10,297 participants who were divided into two groups: the intervention group (joined an 8-week diet intervention program with the daily diet record assessed by registered dietitians) and the control group (voluntarily using the app without instructional materials or coaching). After eight weeks of intervention, the intervention group showed a higher weight loss percentage (-4.78% vs. -1.54%), body mass index (BMI) (-1.26 kg/m2 vs. 0.69 kg/m2), and diet record completeness (73.52% vs. 28.91%) compared with the control group. With respect to gender, male participants showed higher baseline weight and higher weight loss (-6.02%) in the intervention group. In the intervention group, 2871 participants (33.4%) lost less than 4% of their weight, 5071 participants (58.9%) lost 4-8% of their body weight, and 662 participants (7.7%) lost >8% of their weight. Compared to the low-effectiveness group (weight lost <4%), the high-effectiveness group (weight lost >8%) had a significantly higher diet record completeness (91.61 ± 15.99 vs. 55.81 ± 32.92), dietary compliance (green light %) (88.93 ± 9.9 vs. 77.75 ±17.5), protein intake % (26.34 ± 2.85 vs. 23.49 ± 3.56), and fat intake % (49.66 ± 6.36 vs. 44.05 ± 7.37). Most importantly, the high-effectiveness group had a lower carbohydrate intake % (24.1 ± 7.86 vs. 32.46 ± 9.61). The results remained significant after being stratified by gender. This study found that the use of online applications plus the intervention of dietitians is beneficial for short-term weight loss. The composition of nutrients and dietary compliance also significantly impacted weight loss.

Dietary nutrition plays a crucial role in determining pregnancy outcomes, with poor diet being a major contributor to pregnancy metabolic syndrome and metabolic disorders in offspring. While carbohydrates are essential for fetal development, the excessive consumption of low-quality carbohydrates can increase the risk of pregnancy complications and have lasting negative effects on offspring development. Recent studies not only highlighted the link between carbohydrate intake during pregnancy, maternal health, and offspring well-being, but also suggested that the quality of carbohydrate foods consumed is more critical. This article reviews the impacts of low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets on pregnancy complications and offspring health, introduces the varied physiological effects of different types of carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy, and emphasizes the importance of both the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in nutritional interventions during pregnancy. These findings may offer valuable insights for guiding dietary interventions during pregnancy and shaping the future development of carbohydrate-rich foods.

BACKGROUND: The sleep-low method has been proposed as a way to sleep in a low-glycogen state, increase the duration of low glycogen availability and sleep and temporarily restrict carbohydrates to improve exercise performance. However, long-term dietary restriction may induce mental stress in athletes. Therefore, if it can be shown that the effects of the sleep-low method can be achieved by restricting the carbohydrate intake at night (the nighttime carbohydrate restriction method), innovative methods could be developed to reduce weight in individuals with obesity and enhance athletes\' performance with reduced stress and in a shorter duration when compared with those of previous studies. With this background, we conducted a study with the purpose of examining the intervention effects of a short-term intensive nighttime carbohydrate restriction method.
METHODS: A total of 22 participants were recruited among university students participating in sports club activities. The participants were assigned at random to groups, including a nighttime carbohydrate restriction group of 11 participants (6 males, 5 females; age 22.3 ± 1.23) who started a carbohydrate-restricted diet and a group of 11 participants (5 males, 6 females; age 21.9 ± 7.9) who continued with their usual diet. The present study had a two-group parallel design. In the first week, no dietary restrictions were imposed on either group, and the participants consumed their own habitual diets. In the second week, the total amount of calories and carbohydrate intake measured in the first week were divided by seven days, and the average values were calculated. These were used as the daily calorie and carbohydrate intakes in the second week. Only the nighttime carbohydrate restriction group was prohibited from consuming carbohydrates after 4:00 p.m. During the two-week study period, all participants ran for one hour each day before breakfast at a heart rate of 65% of their maximum heart rate.
RESULTS: The results obtained from young adults participating in sports showed significant differences in peak oxygen consumption (V·O2peak), work rate max, respiratory quotient (RQ), body weight and lean body mass after the intervention when compared with before the intervention in the nighttime carbohydrate restriction group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the nighttime carbohydrate restriction method markedly improves fat metabolism even when performed for a short period. This method can be used to reduce body weight in individuals with obesity and enhance athletes\' performance. However, it is important to consider the intake of nutrition other than carbohydrates.

This study investigates the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet on body composition in healthy, young, normal-weight women. With the increasing interest in ketogenic diets for their various health benefits, this research aims to understand their impact on body composition, focusing on women who are often underrepresented in such studies. Conducting a randomized controlled feeding trial with a crossover design, this study compares a ketogenic LCHF diet to a Swedish National Food Agency (NFA)-recommended control diet over four weeks. Seventeen healthy, young, normal-weight women adhered strictly to the provided diets, with ketosis confirmed through blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for precise body composition measurements. To avoid bias, all statistical analyses were performed blind. The findings reveal that the ketogenic LCHF diet led to a significant reduction in both lean mass (-1.45 kg 95% CI: [-1.90;-1.00]; p < 0.001) and fat mass (-0.66 kg 95% CI: [-1.00;-0.32]; p < 0.001) compared to the control diet, despite similar energy intake and physical activity levels. This study concludes that while the ketogenic LCHF diet is effective for weight loss, it disproportionately reduces lean mass over fat mass, suggesting the need for concurrent strength training to mitigate muscle loss in women following this diet.

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