Exploring the effects of seasonal variation on the gut microbiota of cold-water fish plays an important role in understanding the relationship between seasonal variation and cold-water fish. Gut samples of cold-water fish and environmental samples were collected during summer and winter from the lower reaches of the Yalong River. The results of the 16S rRNA sequencing showed that significant differences were identified in the composition and diversity of gut bacteria of cold-water fish. Co-occurrence network complexity of the gut bacteria of cold-water fish was higher in summer compared to winter (Sum: nodes: 256; edges: 20,450; Win: nodes: 580; edges: 16,725). Furthermore, from summer to winter, the contribution of sediment bacteria (Sum: 5.3%; Win: 23.7%) decreased in the gut bacteria of cold-water fish, while the contribution of water bacteria (Sum: 0%; Win: 27.7%) increased. The normalized stochastic ratio (NST) and infer community assembly mechanisms by phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (iCAMP) showed that deterministic processes played a more important role than stochastic processes in the microbial assembly mechanism of gut bacteria of cold-water fish. From summer to winter, the contribution of deterministic processes to gut bacteria community assembly mechanisms decreased, while the contribution of stochastic processes increased. Overall, these results demonstrated that seasonal variation influenced the gut bacteria of cold-water fish and served as a potential reference for future research to understand the adaptation of fish to varying environments.

Background/Objectives: Recent studies provide the first indications of the impact of climate factors on human health, especially with individuals already grappling with internal and neurological conditions being particularly vulnerable. In the face of escalating climate change, our research delves into the specific influence of a spectrum of climatic factors and seasonal variations on the hospital admissions of patients receiving treatment for epileptic seizures at our clinic in Kaiserslautern. Methods: Our study encompassed data from 9366 epilepsy patients who were admitted to hospital due to epileptic seizures. We considered seven climate parameters that Germany\'s National Meteorological Service made available. We employed the Kruskal-Wallis test to examine the correlation between the frequency of admittance to our hospital in the mentioned patient group and seasons. Furthermore, we used conditional Poisson regression and distributed lag linear models (DLMs) to scrutinize the coherence of the frequency of patient admittance and the investigated climate parameters. The mentioned parameters were also analyzed in a subgroup analysis regarding the gender and age of patients and the classification of seizures according to ILAE 2017. Results: Our results demonstrate that climatic factors, such as precipitation and air pressure, can increase the frequency of hospital admissions for seizures in patients with general-onset epilepsy. In contrast, patients with focal seizures are less prone to climatic changes. Consequently, admittance to the hospital for seizures is less affected by climatic factors in the latter patient group. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that climatic factors are possible trigger factors for the provocation of seizures, particularly in patients with generalized seizures. This was determined indirectly by analyzing the frequency of seizure-related emergency admissions and their relation to prevailing climate factors. Our study is consistent with other studies showing that climate factors, such as cerebral infarcts or cerebral hemorrhages, influence patients\' health.

BACKGROUND: Most studies infer increasing incidence of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) from the 1950´s until the 1990´s. Recent time trends are less clear.
OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to identify time trends in the age- and sex-adjusted adult incidence of PHF in Malmö, Sweden, from year 1944 until 2020. Our secondary objectives were to describe the variation in incidence according to age, the monthly distribution, and to compare data from the two most recent decades with earlier.
METHODS: Malmö has one emergency hospital where acute fractures are treated. We identified PHF in adult patients (≥ 18 years) by reviewing relevant radiology examinations during 17 sample years from year 1944 to 2020. We used jointpoint analyses to estimate time trends.
RESULTS: We identified 3 031 PHF during the study period (3 231 161 person years), 73% were sustained by women with mean age of 69 years (mean age in men 59). Joinpoint analyses indicated an increase in the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of PHF from year 1944 (52 per 100 000 person years) until 1977 (120 per 100 000) and thereafter a decrease until 2020 (85 per 100 000). A seasonal variation with more fractures during winter months, was apparent in earlier but not recent decades.
CONCLUSIONS: The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of PHF increased in Malmö, Sweden, from the 1940´s until year 1977 and thereafter decreased until 2020. More fractures were seen during winter months in earlier but not recent decades.

The golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) is an important cephalopod species with a lifespan of approximately one year. The species plays a crucial role in marine ecological support services and is commercially valuable in fisheries. In the seas around China, this species has emerged as the main target for cuttlefish fisheries, replacing Sepiella maindroni since the 1990s. Variations in oceanographic conditions associated with global warming could significantly impact the temporal-spatial distribution of the species. In this study, we performed bottom trawling surveys with four cruises during 2018-2019 in the East China Sea region to determine the current resource status and seasonal-spatial variations in S. esculenta. We found that the average individual weight (AIW) values were 4.87 and 519.00 g/ind at stations located at 30.50° N, 124.00° E and 30.50° N, 124.50° E, respectively, with the aggregation of larvae and parent groups in spring. The species was not distributed north of 32.00° N in summer. The catch per unit effort by weight (CPUEw) value decreased in the order of 2772.50→2575.20→503.29→124.36 g/h, corresponding to latitudes of 34.50° N→34.00° N→33.50° N→32.50° N 121.50° E in autumn. The most suitable fishing areas were the south of the East China Sea region in spring; the south of the East China Sea region extending to the center and outer parts of the East China Sea region in summer; the south of the Yellow Sea close to the Haizhou Bay fishing ground and the forbidden fishing line region of the Lusi and Dasha fishing grounds in autumn; and the south and center of the East China Sea region in winter. The most suitable sea bottom temperature (SBT) values from spring to winter were 14.76-20.53 °C, 19.54-22.98 °C, 11.79-17.64 °C, and 16.94-20.36 °C, respectively. The most suitable sea bottom salinity (SBS) values were 31.53-34.80‱ in spring, 32.95-34.68‱ in summer, 31.51-34.77‱ in autumn, and 33.82-34.51‱ in winter. We concluded the following: (1) the southern and northern areas of the East China Sea region are spawning and nursery grounds, respectively, in spring; (2) the central distribution is located at a latitude of 28.00° N in autumn and winter; and (3) the southern area of the Yangtze River to the north is a spawning ground in spring, and the areas located at 29.00-34.50° N, 124.00-124.50° E, and 28.00-30.50° N, 125.50-126.50° E are nursery grounds. The results of this study provide useful guidance for appropriate fisheries management, thereby avoiding a collapse in the S. esculenta population, which has been experienced in other species in this area.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed our lifestyle by imposing restrictions, such as physical distancing. The effect of COVID-19 prevalence on seasonal variations in glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unknown.
METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study evaluated glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM who visited Sugi Cardiovascular Hospital in December 2021. We evaluated the clinical findings of all patients treated regularly between March 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021, including the periods both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. All the standard treatments were approved. Furthermore, seasonal changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were evaluated using stratified analyses based on age.
RESULTS: This study analyzed 86 patients (mean age, 69.6 ± 9.2 years; men, 57). Median HbA1c (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program [Union of Clinical Chemistry]) levels in spring (March) were 7.70% (interquartile range (IQR):7.23%-8.30%) [60.6 mmol/mol (IQR:55.4-67.2 mmol/mol)], 7.35% (IQR:6.90%-7.90%) [56.8 mmol/mol (IQR:51.9-62.8 mmol/mol)], and 7.50% (IQR:7.10%-8.00%) [58.5 mmol/mol (IQR:54.1-63.9 mmol/mol)] in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. During these periods, HbA1c levels and body mass index (BMI) revealed significant seasonal variations \"high in spring\" and \"low in autumn.\" Median HbA1c levels in spring (March) and autumn (September) were 7.86% [61.2 mmol/mol] and 7.48% [57.4 mmol/mol] in 2019 (P < 0.001), 7.50% [57.7 mmol/mol] and 7.17% [54.2 mmol/mol] in 2020 (P < 0.001), and 7.61% [58.3 mmol/mol] and 7.19% [53.8 mmol/mol] in 2021 (P < 0.001). Seasonal variations in HbA1c levels and BMI were maintained over the past 3 years, including the pandemic period. None of the patients in this study developed COVID-19 during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal variations in glycemic control in patients with DM were not influenced by lifestyle modifications associated with COVID-19. Maintenance of physical activity is necessary to prevent the development of sarcopenia. Moreover, seasonal variations in glycemic metabolism should be considered an independent factor for DM management. Additional extensive multifacility investigations are necessary to corroborate our findings.

UNASSIGNED: Comprehensive studies in which the seasonal variation in peripheral vestibular disorders was evaluated using data from an entire population are insufficient. The seasonal variation in peripheral vestibular disorders based on data from the entire Korean population was investigated in the present study.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea from 2008 to 2020 was analyzed. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis (VN), and Meniere\'s disease (MD) were defined based on diagnostic, treatment, or audiovestibular test codes. The seasonal incidence for each peripheral vestibular disorder was calculated among all study subjects.
UNASSIGNED: For the entire study cohort, the incidence of BPPV was significantly higher in spring (odds ratio [OR] = 1.031, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.026-1.037), autumn (OR = 1.024, 95% CI = 1.019-1.029), and winter (OR = 1.051, 95% CI = 1.046-1.056) than in summer. The incidence of VN was significantly lower in winter (OR = 0.917, 95% CI = 0.907-0.927) than in summer. The incidence of MD was significantly higher in spring (OR = 1.027, 95% CI = 1.015-1.039) and autumn (OR = 1.029, 95% CI = 1.017-1.041) and significantly lower in winter (OR = 0.919, 95% CI = 0.908-0.931) than in summer. Differences were also observed in seasonal variation based on sex and age.
UNASSIGNED: Significant seasonal variation occurred in peripheral vestibular disorders including BPPV, VN, and MD based on the entire Korean population data. Furthermore, seasonal variation showed differences based on sex and age.
UNASSIGNED: 4.

UNASSIGNED: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) serves as a pivotal marker for long-term glycemic control. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) established its relevance, yet gaps exist in understanding potential seasonal variations in HbA1c levels among diabetic patients. The study highlights the need to explore potential seasonal variations in HbA1c levels and their impact on diabetic patients.
UNASSIGNED: This is an observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital from January to December 2019, the study analyzed HbA1c levels in 8138 patients. Blood samples were collected using Potassium EDTA-containing vials and processed with an automated analyzer. Seasonal variations were explored using time series analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Mean HbA1c levels peaked during the monsoon (June to September) and were lowest in autumn (October to November). Subgroup analysis revealed differences in patients with HbA1c values below and above 6.5 %. Those with controlled blood sugar showed higher levels in winter (December to February) and monsoon (June to September), while patients with HbA1c values ≥ 6.5 % exhibited significantly lower levels in monsoon (June to September) and autumn (October to November) compared to summer (March to May).
UNASSIGNED: In contrast to global trends, Indian patients demonstrated distinct seasonal variations in HbA1c levels. The highest levels during the monsoon (June to September) may be linked to reduced outdoor activity and dietary changes. The study emphasizes the need for tailored diabetes management considering seasonal influences. Further extensive, longitudinal studies across diverse Indian regions are recommended to comprehensively grasp the impact of seasonal changes on diabetes outcomes.

Despite over two decades since the EU Water Framework Directive have passed, achieving the desired water quality in German surface waters remains challenging, regardless of efforts to reduce phosphorus inputs and associated environmental impacts. This study aims at analyzing the characteristics governing the concentrations of four key water quality parameters (total phosphorus, orthophosphate, particulate phosphate, and suspended solids) in two lowland catchments: the 50 km2 catchment of the Kielstau, Germany, and its 7 km2 tributary, the Moorau, which are dominated by agricultural land use. To this end, different sampling methods, particularly high-resolution precipitation event-based sampling and daily mixed samples, are conducted and evaluated, and their effectiveness is compared. The identification of sources and characteristics that affect phosphorus and suspended sediment dynamics, both in general and specifically during heavy precipitation events, is one focus of the study. Over a 15-year period, increasing concentrations of these parameters were observed in daily mixed samples, exhibiting distinct seasonal patterns-higher in summer and lower in winter-consistent with lowland catchment behavior. Particularly during heavy precipitation events, the smaller catchment exhibits a more complex and less predictable response to chemical concentrations compared with the dilution effect observed in the larger catchment. The results underline the complexity of phosphorus dynamics in small catchments and emphasize the importance of event-based sampling for capturing short-term concentration peaks for all four parameters, particularly beneficial regarding measuring suspended solids. While daily mixed samples capture average phosphorus concentrations, event-based sampling is crucial for detecting short-term spikes, providing a more comprehensive understanding of phosphorus dynamics.

The gut microbiota of fish is crucial for their growth, development, nutrient uptake, physiological balance, and disease resistance. Yet our knowledge of these microbial communities in wild fish populations in their natural ecosystems is insufficient. This study systematically examined the gut microbial communities of seven wild fish species in Chaohu Lake, a fishing-restricted area with minimal water turnover, across four seasons. We found significant variations in gut microbial community structures among species. Additionally, we observed significant seasonal and regional variations in the gut microbial communities. The Chaohu Lake fish gut microbial communities were predominantly composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria(Gamma), Proteobacteria(Alpha), Actinobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, Aeromonas, Cetobacterium, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, and Pseudomonas emerged as the most prevalent. A co-occurrence network analysis revealed that C. auratus, C. carpio, and C. brachygnathus possessed more complex and robust gut microbial networks than H. molitrix, C. alburnus, C. ectenes taihuensis, and A. nobilis. Certain microbial groups, such as Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, and Pseudomonas, were both dominant and keystone in the fish gut microbial network. Our study offers a new approach for studying the wild fish gut microbiota in natural, controlled environments. It offers an in-depth understanding of gut microbial communities in wild fish living in stable, limited water exchange natural environments.

Dietary analysis in wildlife is fundamental for understanding their flexible response to seasonal changes and developing effective conservation management measures. Taihangshan macaque (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) is the northernmost population of rhesus macaque, currently only distributed in the southern Mt. Taihangshan area. This area belongs to a semi-arid region resulting in limited plant food availability for Taihangshan macaques, with seasonal variation. Herein, we used a chloroplast trnL DNA metabarcoding approach to identify the plant diet diversity and composition from 100 fecal samples of Taihangshan macaque in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) from 2020 to 2021. The results revealed that (1) a total of 48 distinct families, 88 genera, and 52 species within the 105 food items that were consumed by Taihangshan macaques throughout the year; (2) the diversity of food items exhibited significant differences across the four seasons; (3) Rosaceae, Rhamnaceae, Fagaceae, and Poaceae are the preferential food items for Taihangshan macaques and have different relative abundances, fluctuating with seasonal variation. DNA metabarcoding can expand our understanding of the repertoire of food items consumed by Taihangshan macaques by detecting some consumed food items in this population that were not yet discovered using traditional methods. Therefore, the integrative results from traditional methods and DNA metabarcoding can provide a fundamental understanding of dietary composition to guide the conservation management of Taihangshan macaques.