本研究的目的是调查重金属的存在,如铅(Pb),铜(Cu),铬(Cr),用灌溉废水饲养的奶牛的血液样本中的镉(Cd),以及废水本身,在巴基斯坦西北部地区。从Kohat的五个不同地点共采集了60份血样,即塔皮路(TR),Pindi路(PR),古尔·马利克路(GMR),MarkazRoad(MR),和一个对照组。分析母牛血液和废水两者的样品的重金属浓度。在MR部位检测到最高浓度的Cd,平均值为0.03mg/L,并且在TR位点记录到最高浓度的Cu(0.04mg/L),而在对照组中发现最低水平,平均血液样本为0.002mg/L。在PR位置发现了最高的Cr和Pb浓度,平均值为0.03和0.07mg/L,分别,而对照组的浓度最低,平均值为0.002和0.01mg/L。同样,分析了研究区灌溉废水中重金属的浓度。结果表明废水中铜和铬的浓度升高,尽管它们仍然低于世界卫生组织(WHO)的建议值,但GMR站点中的Cr(0.13mg/L)除外,超过了允许的限制。废水中的Cd和Pb浓度相对较低,但是Cd浓度超过了世卫组织的限制,特别是在TR位点的平均浓度为0.08mg/L。血液和废水中重金属浓度的比较显示,血液样品中Cd和Pb的含量高于废水,而水中的Cu和Cr浓度高于血液。此外,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平升高,抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶(CAT),在血液样本中检测到氧化应激标志物丙二醛(MDA)。采用聚类分析和主成分分析来评估各组之间的重金属毒性,表明对动物的潜在长期不利健康影响,转移给人类,和对活生物体的毒性。
The aim of the present research was to investigate the presence of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in blood samples from cows raised with irrigated wastewater, as well as in the wastewater itself, in the North-western region of Pakistan. A total of 60 blood samples were collected from five different locations in Kohat, namely Tappi Road (TR), Pindi Road (PR), Gul Malik Road (GMR), Markaz Road (MR), and a control group. The samples of both i.e. cow blood and wastewater were analyzed for the concentrations of heavy metals. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the MR site with a mean value of 0.03 mg/L, and the highest concentration of Cu (0.04 mg/L) was recorded in the TR site, while the lowest level was found in the control group with a mean of 0.002 mg/L in blood samples. The highest Cr and Pb concentrations were found at the PR site, with mean values of 0.03 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, whereas the control group had the lowest concentrations, with mean values of 0.002 and 0.01 mg/L. Similarly, heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in wastewater used for irrigation in the study area. Results indicated elevated concentrations of Cu and Cr in wastewater, although they remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values except for Cr (0.13 mg/L) in the GMR site, which exceeded permissible limits. Cd and Pb concentrations in wastewater were relatively low, but Cd concentration surpassed WHO limits, particularly with a mean concentration of 0.08 mg/L in the TR site. Comparison between heavy metal concentrations in blood and wastewater revealed higher values of Cd and Pb in blood samples than in wastewater, while Cu and Cr concentrations were higher in water compared to blood. Additionally, elevated levels of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), antioxidant enzyme Catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected in blood samples. Cluster and principal component analyses were employed to assess heavy metal toxicity among the groups, indicating potential long-term adverse health effects on animals, transfer to humans, and toxicity in living organisms.