OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate individuals\' disaster literacy levels, their thoughts on disaster management services, and related factors.
METHODS: The descriptive research was conducted with a total of 480 individuals between the ages of 18 and 60 living in a province in the first-degree earthquake zone in Turkey. The data were collected with the Disaster Literacy Scale and the Disaster Management Services Evaluation Form.
RESULTS: In this study, it was found that more than half of the participants had inadequate/moderate disaster literacy. The total disaster literacy score and all subscale scores were found to be higher in individuals who had an earthquake kit at home, had an emergency plan, and had received disaster-related training (p < .05). The majority of the participants found the services provided for disaster management inadequate or very inadequate.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it has been found that a significant portion of the society lacks the desired level of disaster literacy, and the services provided for disasters are deemed insufficient therefore, there is a need for multi-disciplinary national prevention programs to enhance disaster literacy and preparedness in the community, as well as urgently supporting policies to improve disaster-related services. Additionally, due to their comprehensive knowledge of the general structure of society, public health nurses need to play an active role in disaster preparedness and increasing disaster literacy levels.

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More and more cities are evolving towards the smart city concept, which brings about a tangible effect of raised life quality levels. This is confirmed by the satisfaction of inhabitants with the introduced smart solutions. It is their opinion on this issue that is crucial, as they are the main beneficiaries of these measures. This article presents a case study of a medium-sized city, which illustrates the smart city issue from an inhabitants\' perspective. An analysis of objective indices classifies a city as smart, and it is included in European lists of smart cities. It is interesting, however, to see how the inhabitants themselves assess the city in the context of the smart solutions in place. Are they relevant to them? Has the quality of life increased? Are they satisfied with the individual aspects of city functioning? What solutions are they awaiting? What areas require changes? The involvement of inhabitants and the public participation level were also assessed. The questionnaire survey results indicated whether the city can be classified as a smart city of the future and identified the spheres of the city\'s activities that need improvement. The main conclusions are that inhabitants have a positive perception of a city\'s smart services provided that their implementation results in an enhanced quality of life. At the same time, even though inhabitants are aware of the smart services introduced, they do not fully use them, which may be due to their low attractiveness, a lack of promotion on the part of the city, or a lack of equipment readiness.

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected many world regions\' societies and economies. The pandemic and the restrictions introduced in response to it have impacted social behaviour and the operation of businesses in various ways. The present study aimed to verify the impact of information on the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland on the frequency with which residents of Rybnik and the surrounding areas chose to stay in their houses or apartments, as well as the functioning of businesses. The originality of the study lies in the use of mediation modelling, in which the following were used as variables describing the epidemic in Poland: new cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Poland; the number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Poland; and the number of people quarantined due to the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland. On the other hand, data on tap water consumption were used as variables describing the frequency with which residents of Rybnik and the surrounding areas chose to stay in their houses or apartments, the operation of businesses in and around the city, and the operation of government and local government institutions. The study\'s conclusions confirm that publicly available information about the COVID-19 outbreak in Poland affected the frequency of residents of Rybnik and the surrounding areas staying in their houses or apartments as well as the functioning of businesses in Rybnik and the surrounding areas. The increasing number of people who died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with the limited functioning of government and local government institutions in and around Rybnik, which contributed to restrictions on the functioning of service industry companies in the city and surrounding areas.

BACKGROUND: Although the presence of medical societies on social networks (SNs) could be interesting for disseminating professional information, there is no study investigating their presence on SNs.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this viewpoint is to describe the worldwide presence and activity of national anesthesia societies on SNs.
METHODS: This observational study assessed the active presence (≥1 post in the year preceding the collection date) of the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists member societies on the SNs Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. We collected data concerning each anesthesia society on the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists website.
RESULTS: Among the 136 societies, 66 (48.5%) had an active presence on at least one SN. The most used SN was Facebook (n=60, 44.1%), followed by Twitter (n=37, 27.2%), YouTube (n=26, 19.1%), and Instagram (n=16, 11.8%). The SN with the largest number of followers was Facebook for 52 (78.8%) societies and Twitter for 12 (18.2%) societies. The number of followers was 361 (IQR 75-1806) on Twitter, 2494 (IQR 1049-5369) on Facebook, 1400 (IQR 303-3058) on Instagram, and 214 (IQR 33-955) on YouTube. There was a strong correlation between the number of posts and the number of followers on Twitter (r=0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.97; P<.001), Instagram (r=0.83, 95% CI 0.58-0.94; P<.001), and YouTube (r=0.69, 95% CI 0.42-0.85; P<.001). According to the density of anesthetists in the country, there was no difference between societies with and without active SN accounts.
CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of national anesthesia societies have at least one active account on SNs. Twitter and Facebook are the most used SNs.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the knowledge levels, attitudes and perceptions of people with different demographic characteristics on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study used snowball sampling technique and to the study take 32 participants. Data were collected via phone interview method between the fifth and the sixth weeks of COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS: Interviews were analyzed under three main themes (Knowledge level/attitudes and behaviors/perceptions) and nine sub-themes.
CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge level of the participants was high. Participants underlined the importance of staying at home during the pandemic and expressed important changes in their life styles and professional life.

The aim of this paper is to study the effects of the spread of the COVID-19 virus in different regions and its impact on the economy and regional tourist flows. To this end, the researchers have been guided by a set of propositions which they have tried to demonstrate with the results obtained. This research shows that the impact of the pandemic is still being evaluated. The analysis of the relationship between the tourism sector and the pandemic outbreak in Spain provides an instructive case study to assist tourism in its recovery process. The paper delves into the impacts on the main Spanish touristic regions during the pandemic and providing implications for tourism recovery. In Spain, the tourism sector is of major economic importance, becoming one of the most vulnerable countries when crisis affects this industry. The negative image of the country due to the high infection rates has had a negative impact on travel and tourism. The Balearic Islands have been the most affected region with an 87% decrease in tourist visitors. The trips made by Spanish residents inside the Spanish territory shows the first increase found in the series analyzed. Domestic tourism not only represents an opportunity for all regions in this critical situation, but the types of accommodation also play a key role.

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UNASSIGNED: Nowadays, the significance of applying Geographic information system (GIS) to survey accessibility to hospitals and understanding disparities in this regard has increased.
UNASSIGNED: The main aim of this descriptive-analytical research was to study the spatial accessibility of the population of Kermanshah for 3 years 1997 (n=693157), 2007 (n=794863), and 2012 (n=851 405) to hospitals based on age and gender groups through GIS.
UNASSIGNED: The study was conducted based on network analysis models, mean centre, and standard distance in the environment of Arc/GIS. A standard radius of 1500 metres was set for the medical centres, and a 25-minute walking span was set for the distance of each person from home to the nearest hospital.
UNASSIGNED: The results of the network analysis demonstrated that the hospitals were inaccessible to the populations according to our criteria, and their geographical access to hospitals measured 68.80%, 64.23% and 66.20% in 1997, 2007, and 2012, respectively. Women aged 65 years and above were more at risk in this regard.
UNASSIGNED: Over the total period under study, the results revealed that hospitals were concentrated in the central and southern areas of Kermanshah.
أوجه عدم المساواة في الوصول إلى المستشفيات: دراسة حالة في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية للفترة ما بين 1997 - 2012.
سهيلا رشادت، علي رضا زنجانه، شهرام سعيدي، السيد رامين قاسمي، نادر رجبي جيلان، علي زكائى.
UNASSIGNED: تتزايد حاليًا أهمية تطبيق نظام المعلومات الجغرافية لاستطلاع إمكانية الوصول إلى المستشفيات وفهم التفاوت بهذا الصدد.
UNASSIGNED: لقد كان الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث الوصفي-التحليلي هو دراسة إمكانية الوصول المكاني لسكان مدينة كرمانشاه إلى المستشفيات، على مدار 3 سنوات: عام 1997 (693157 = n) ، وعام 2007 (794863 = n) ، وعام 2012 (851405 = n) ، وذلك بناءً على الفئات العمرية والنوع، وباستخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية.
UNASSIGNED: أُجريت الدراسة بناءً على نماذج التحليل الشبكي، ومركز المتوسط، والمسافة القياسية في بيئة نظام Arc/GIS. وتم تحديد نصف القُطْر المعياري 1500 متر للمراكز الطبية، ونطاق 25 دقيقة للمسافة التي يمشيها كل شخص من منزله إلى أقرب مستشفى.
UNASSIGNED: أوضحت نتائج التحليل الشبكي صعوبة وصول السكان إلى المستشفيات وفقًا للمعايير الخاصة بنا، وأن قدرتهم على الوصول جغرافيًا للمستشفيات بلغت 68.80% و 64.23% و 66.20% في الأعوام 1997 و 2007 و 2012 على التوالي. وأن النساء اللاتي كانت أعمارهن 65 عامًا فأكثر أكثر تعرضاً للخطر بسبب ذلك.
UNASSIGNED: على مدار المدة قيد الدراسة، أوضحت النتائج أن المستشفيات متركزة في المناطق المركزية والجنوبية في مدينة كرمانشاه.
Inégalités en matière d’accès aux hôpitaux : étude de cas en République islamique d’Iran.
UNASSIGNED: De nos jours, il devient de plus en plus important d’appliquer le système d’information géographique (GIS) aux études d’accessibilité aux hôpitaux et de comprendre les disparités associées.
UNASSIGNED: La présente étude analytique et descriptive avait pour objectif principal d’examiner, au cours de trois années différentes (1997 [n = 693157] ; 2007 [n = 794863] et 2012 [n = 851405]), l’accessibilité spatiale de la population de Kermanshah aux hôpitaux, sur la base de groupes d’âge et de sexe et au moyen du système (GIS).
UNASSIGNED: L’étude a été menée en utilisant des modèles d’analyse du réseau et des méthodes de mesure des distances moyenne et standard jusqu’aux centres, à l’aide du logiciel d’information géographique ArcGIS. Un rayon standard de 1500 mètres a été déterminé autour des centres médicaux, de même qu’une distance de 25 minutes entre le domicile de chaque individu et l’hôpital le plus proche.
UNASSIGNED: Les résultats de l’analyse du réseau ont montré que les hôpitaux étaient inaccessibles pour la population, selon les critères que nous avions définis, et que l’accès géographique des personnes aux hôpitaux était de 68,80 %, 64,23 % et 66,20 % en 1997, 2007 et 2012 respectivement. Les femmes âgées de 65 ans et plus étaient sujettes à un risque plus important à cet égard.
UNASSIGNED: Sur la période couverte par l’étude, les résultats ont révélé que les hôpitaux étaient concentrés dans les zones situées dans le centre et le sud de la ville de Kermanshah.