Since 2016, China has progressively relaxed family planning policies to stimulate birth rates. This paper examines the behavioral health repercussions of China\'s 2016 universal two-child policy (UTCP) by analyzing sleep pattern data from China Family Panel Studies. Napping is a composite indicator that denotes health outcomes, job quality, and personal well-being. It reveals work conditions and environments to some extent. UTCP may lead to heightened social expectations regarding pregnancy likelihood, and changes in social expectations within the workplace may make work environments less equitable and more stressful for females. Leveraging a difference-in-difference model, this paper explores how napping behaviors among the working-age cohort have responded to the policy shifts. Our analysis reveals a gender discrepancy in response to the policy, specifically, females exhibit a discernible reduction in the likelihood of napping, as well as in the duration of both daytime naps and daily sleep. Conversely, such effects are not significant among males. These results suggest policy consequences extend beyond individuals directly impacted by childbirth or contemplating parenthood. Hence, while promoting fertility is still the government\'s goal, policymakers are encouraged to consider the broader challenges the female population faces from social and workplace environment factors.

Belief in gendered social power imbalance (i.e. males are more powerful than females) leads to undesirable gender disparities, but little is known about the developmental origins of this belief, especially in Eastern cultures. We investigated the development onset of this belief by focusing on 4-7-year-old Japanese children while considering another belief (females are nicer than males) for comparison. In the dyadic context tasks, children saw pairs of animated characters depicting powerful-powerless or kind-unkind postures and judged the characters\' gender (boy or girl). Results suggested both \'nice = female\' and \'powerful = female\' gender stereotypes in children. In the collective context tasks, children were presented with stories in occupational contexts, including multiple unspecified people and verbal cues, describing more explicitly the powerful and nice traits of the protagonists. The results replicated the \'nice = female\' gender stereotype. Moreover, early \'powerful = male\' gender stereotypes were seen in 6-year-old boys but not among girls in general. These findings demonstrate that Japanese children\'s beliefs regarding gender differences in power vary depending on the context in which male-female interactions are presented. Additionally, the study reveals that signs of the \'powerful = male\' social power gender stereotype emerge around the age of 6.

Countries have become increasingly concerned about the impact of their activities and their alignment with sustainable development goals. Consequently, it is necessary to examine their performance efficiency in a unified manner, accounting for economic, environmental, and social variables. A country\'s performance efficiency is defined as the ratio of observed output to frontier output, given the country\'s productive resources. In this paper, we use the frontier technique of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the frontier output. The objective of this study is to assess the performance efficiency of 111 worldwide countries and to examine whether gender inequality, the share of renewable energy consumption, the government control of corruption and government expenditure on education could explain differences in performance. We employed the non-parametric DEA model using three inputs (capital, labor, and primary energy consumption) and one output (GDP). We also considered an additional output (CO2 emissions); however, the results were identical to the one output model because CO2 emissions and primary energy consumption are highly correlated (0.96). We find that there is a negative impact of gender inequality, a positive impact of the share of renewable energy consumption and government control of corruption on performance efficiency. Our results also indicate that reducing CO2 emissions required transitioning towards renewable energy and using the energy efficiently. However, we did not find a positive relationship between government expenditures on education and country efficiency.

Previous research documents a growing wage premium for elite financial workers since the 1980s. A second line of research finds substantial gender disparities in earnings and career mobility among elite financial workers. Yet little is known about whether women in finance still receive a wage premium compared with their nonfinance counterparts. In addition, few studies examine whether similar gender disparities exist among nonelite financial workers. This article examines how the wage premium for working in the financial sector varies by gender and parental status across the wage distribution. We report that women earn a greater wage premium than men in low-wage financial jobs, while almost all of the increase in wages in high finance is captured by elite men, particularly fathers. Consequently, the financial sector simultaneously exacerbates and mitigates gender inequalities at different locations of the labor market. Our findings highlight the significance of institutional context in amplifying and attenuating the reward and penalty associated with gender and parental status.

UNASSIGNED: Gender inequality influences access to and demand for healthcare services including vaccines. The gender gap in the COVID-19 vaccine coverage doesn\'t account for the skewed male-female ratio in India. The pandemic response has failed to recognize the barriers faced by women in accessing healthcare. These barriers are intensified in the case of pregnant women who are considered as a high-risk group for COVID-19 infection. The present study was aimed to examine the factors influencing the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women.
UNASSIGNED: The study was carried out in the Department of OBGY, GMCH, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Pregnant women above 18 years who had at least one antenatal visit were considered for the purpose of the study. Women who consented to participate in the study were administered a survey questionnaire by a healthcare provider which included a demographic, socio-economic, and obstetric profile of pregnant women, knowledge and attitude toward vaccines, and gender-related barriers. The chi-square test and independent t test were done to identify the factors influencing the uptake of the vaccine.
UNASSIGNED: About 22% of the women had not taken the vaccine (100 out of 444). Factors like age, residence, and education of women were not found to be associated with the uptake of vaccines. Husband\'s education was found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with vaccine uptake. The presence of complications during pregnancy also significantly deterred women from taking the vaccine. Concerns about the safety of the vaccine, side effects for the fetus, and negative opinions of family members about the vaccine were also found to be associated with non-uptake of the vaccine by pregnant women.
UNASSIGNED: Healthcare providers during antenatal care can play an important role by addressing concerns regarding the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Standardized health-data collection enables effective disaster responses and patient care. Emergency medical teams use the Japan Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (J-SPEED) reporting template to collect patient data. EMTs submit data on treated patients to an EMT coordination cell. The World Health Organization\'s (WHO) EMT minimum dataset (MDS) offers an international standard for disaster data collection.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to analyze age and gender distribution of medical consultations in EMT during disasters.
METHODS: Data collected from 2016 to 2020 using the J-SPEED/MDS tools during six disasters in Japan and Mozambique were analyzed. Linear regression with data smoothing via the moving average method was employed to identify trends in medical consultations based on age and gender.
RESULTS: 31,056 consultations were recorded: 13,958 in Japan and 17,098 in Mozambique. Women accounted for 56.3% and 55.7% of examinees in Japan and Mozambique, respectively. Children accounted for 6.8% of consultations in Japan and 28.1% in Mozambique. Elders accounted for 1.32 and 1.52 times more consultations than adults in Japan and Mozambique, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Study findings highlight the importance of considering age-specific healthcare requirements in disaster planning. Real-time data collection tools such as J-SPEED and MDS, which generate both daily reports and raw data for in-depth analysis, facilitate the validation of equitable access to healthcare services, emphasize the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and enable the consideration of cultural preferences to improve healthcare provision by EMTs.

Women represented 29% of cardiology trainees and 16% of consultants in the UK in 2021. While the numbers of women in cardiology have increased over the last 20 years, these proportions remain among the lowest in comparison with other medical specialties. This essay aims to explore the contributing factors behind, and plans to reduce, gender disparity in cardiology. PubMed was searched using keywords such as \'gender\', \'inequality\', \'women\', \'training\' and \'cardiology\'. Retrieved studies were screened for themes contributing towards, and strategies to overcome, gender inequality within cardiology. Reasons for gender inequality included poor perceptions of cardiology as a female-friendly specialty, experiences of gender-based discrimination, inflexible working hours, poor work- life balance, and lack of female role models. Recommended resolutions should target these themes; increase opportunities for flexible working hours, enforce a discrimination-free workplace culture, and encourage mentoring relationships between female senior and junior doctors. Improving the experience of the existing female workforce in cardiology will have a knock-on effect on the perceptions of trainees rotating through departments, in addition to initiatives promoting cardiology as a female-friendly specialty. In conclusion, promoting gender equality within cardiology remains an ongoing challenge. Nationwide efforts to increase retention and improve perceptions should target issues highlighted by the voices of women.

OBJECTIVE: Communication tools have long been used to address complex social policy problems, known as wicked problems, in communities around the world. However, the challenge has remained, how do we measure the impact of social change with communication for development (C4D)? Evaluators recommend utilising evaluation tools that take a wider systems-based approach to assist in the evaluation of C4D projects. Health Communication Resources (HCR) Inc., a health promotion charity that supports C4D projects around the world, aimed to trial a tool to assist evaluation of a project addressing gender inequality, an underlying driver of family violence in the community.
METHODS: WickedLab\'s tool for systemic change was utilised to assist the evaluation of the complex adaptive system. The research team mapped the system that existed in Geraldton working towards addressing the wicked problem of gender inequality.
RESULTS: Mapping the system highlighted how integral C4D actions were in maintaining and strengthening the system as it works together towards gender equality in the community.
CONCLUSIONS: A systems-based approach can strengthen evaluation and demonstrates the role C4D projects play in addressing wicked problems in a defined location. SO WHAT?: WickedLab\'s tool for systemic change provides significant potential for the evaluation of other health promotion and communication for development projects.

UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting depression trait among male intimate partner violence (IPV) victims in Japan utilizing a multiple linear regression analysis.
UNASSIGNED: A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted. Male IPV victims living in Japan were recruited to answer the questionnaire on the website on February 25-26, 2021. A total of 16,414 subjects were enrolled, of whom 1466 respondents were included in the study. Other than IPV exposure, information about sociodemographic characteristics, past traumatic experiences and psychiatric history was collected. The Domestic Violence Screening Inventory (DVSI), a 20-item questionnaire regarding IPV exposure, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to determine the intensity and the type of IPV harm and to screen for depression, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: The victims were more frequently subject to psychological abuse than to physical violence. Based on PHQ-9 scores, 10.7% of respondents exhibited moderate to severe depression. In the DVSI score, 79.2% of respondents required \"observation and support.\" The lowest level of academic attainment (junior high school), positive psychiatric history, foregoing divorce to avoid adverse childhood experiences of their offspring, childhood exposure to domestic violence, younger age, having no children, and experience of school bullying were shown to be significantly associated with depression trait.
UNASSIGNED: Male IPV harm has a multilayered complexity. The sociodemographic characteristics and experiences of victims\' own have a greater impact on depression trait than direct violent harm, suggesting that the violence-focused support might be inadequate for male victims. Comprehensive supports are urgently needed.

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to describe how women academic department chairs in emergency medicine, surgery, and anesthesiology experience humor in the workplace. Method: Interviews were conducted with 35 women department chairs in academic medicine from 27 institutions that aimed to describe women\'s leadership emergence. The data from the primary study yielded rich and revealing themes involving participants\' experiences with humor in the context of their leadership roles, justifying a secondary analysis focusing specifically on these experiences. Relevant remarks were extracted, coded, and summarized. Results: Participants discussed two broad types of humor-related experiences. First, they described how they responded to aggressive gender-based humor directed at themselves or their colleagues by tolerating it or expressing disapproval. This humor includes demeaning quips, insulting monikers, sexist jokes, and derogatory stories. Participants often did not confront this humor directly as they feared being rejected or ostracized by colleagues. Second, they described how they initiated humor to address gender-related workplace issues by highlighting gender inequalities, coping with sexual harassment and assault, and managing gender-based leadership challenges. Participants felt constrained in their own use of humor because of the need to be taken seriously as women leaders. Conclusion: Women leaders in academic medicine use humor to confront gender-related issues and experience aggressive gender-based humor in the workplace. The constraints placed on women leaders discourage them from effectively confronting this aggressive gender-based humor and perpetuating gender inequities. Eliminating aggressive gender-based humor is needed to create safe and equitable work environments in academic medicine.