UNASSIGNED: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment modality that has been used clinically for early stage and inoperable cancers. Successful use of this atraumatic therapy in osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) has been documented in the literature. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the role of photodynamic therapy in ORN and ONJ.
UNASSIGNED: Two independent reviewers conducted an elaborate search in PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane\'s CENTRAL database for studies published on PDT as stand-alone or adjuvant therapy in ORN/ONJ until June 2022. The present study was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Demographic data, type and stage of necrosis of the jaws, site, PDT protocol, time to heal and follow-up were evaluated. Eighteen articles were included totally based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for final analysis.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 94 patients were included in the present review out of which 36 were males and 58 were females. Five studies reported the use of PDT as an adjuvant therapy in ORN. Thirteen studies reported successful outcomes with PDT in ONJ. Complete epithelialization was achieved with PDT ± other adjuvants in 86/94 (91.48%) patients. The time taken for regression of the lesion ranged between 4 days and 12 months with PDT in the present study.
UNASSIGNED: The reviewed studies demonstrate the effectiveness of PDT, as an adjuvant therapy, in managing various stages of ORN and ONJ.

Candidiasis is a common fungal infection, with Candida tropicalis infections being relatively rare. These infections develop into skin fungal infections under conditions such as broad-spectrum antibiotic use, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Traditionally, antifungal drugs have been the primary treatment; however, issues like hepatotoxicity and the need for long-term use persist. Consequently, new treatment approaches are essential. Most previous reports have focused on Candida albicans, with fewer addressing Candida tropicalis. This study reports a case where a patient with a skin Candida tropicalis infection was treated with a combination of surgery and ALA photodynamic therapy(635 nm, 120 J/cm2, 177 mW/cm2). After just one session of this combined treatment, the patient achieved significant clinical remission. Therefore, the combination of surgery and ALA-PDT may offer a safe and effective treatment option.

Despite the implementation of multimodal treatments after surgery, glioblastoma (GBM) remains an incurable disease, posing a significant challenge in neuro-oncology. In this clinical setting, local therapy (LT), a developing paradigm, has received significant interest over time due to its potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapy options for GBM. The present review aimed to trace the historical development, highlight contemporary advances and provide insights into the future horizons of LT in GBM management. In compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols criteria, a systematic review of the literature on the role of LT in GBM management was conducted. A total of 2,467 potentially relevant articles were found and, after removal of duplicates, 2,007 studies were screened by title and abstract (Cohen\'s κ coefficient=0.92). Overall, it emerged that 15, 10 and 6 clinical studies explored the clinical efficiency of intraoperative local treatment modalities, local radiotherapy and local immunotherapy, respectively. GBM recurrences occur within 2 cm of the radiation field in 80% of cases, emphasizing the significant influence of local factors on recurrence. This highlights the urgent requirement for LT strategies. In total, three primary reasons have thus led to the development of numerous LT solutions in recent decades: i) Intratumoral implants allow the blood-brain barrier to be bypassed, resulting in limited systemic toxicity; ii) LT facilitates bridging therapy between surgery and standard treatments; and iii) given the complexity of GBM, targeting multiple components of the tumor microenvironment through ligands specific to various elements could have a synergistic effect in treatments. Considering the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of GBM, the disease prognosis could be significantly improved by a combination of therapeutic strategies in the era of precision medicine.

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin\'s mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin\'s anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin\'s pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Nuclear and radiological accidents can occur due to poor management, in transportation, radiation therapy and nuclear wards in hospitals, leading to extreme radiation exposure and serious consequences for human health. Additionally, in many of previous radiological accidents, skin damage was observed in patients and survivors due to the high radiation exposure. However, as part of a medical countermeasures in a nuclear/radiological emergency, it is critical to plan for the treatment of radiation-induced skin damage. Hence, the new, non-invasive technology of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is projected to be more effectively used for treating skin damage caused by high-dose radiation. PDT plays an important role in treating, repairing skin damage and promoting wound healing as evidenced by research. This review, highlighted and recommended potential impacts of PDT to repair and decrease radiation-induced skin tissue damage. Moreover, we have suggested some photosensitizer (PS) agent as radio-mitigator drugs to decrease radiobiological effects.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current scientific evidence on the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive treatment to mechanical debridement in the treatment of peri-implantitis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses was followed. A protocol was registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO #CRD42022361684). The search was carried out in seven databases, with no restrictions regarding language or year of publication. Our work included studies that compared clinical periodontal parameters between individuals treated with mechanical debridement associated with aPDT and a control group of patients who had undergone mechanical debridement alone. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (RoB 2.0) were performed by two review authors. Meta-analysis was performed. The mean difference (MD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were provided. Four hundred and seven-four studies were identified, of which five studies were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated that aPDT adjunctive to mechanical debridement in subjects with peri-implantitis resulted in greater reduction in probing depth 3 months after treatment than among subjects receiving treatment with mechanical debridement. Most of the included studies exhibit a low risk of bias. Adjunctive aPDT to mechanical debridement contributes to the improvement of peri-implant clinical parameters in individuals with peri-implantitis, in particular probing depth.

Significance: Despite the widespread use of photodynamic therapy in clinical practice, there is a lack of personalized methods for assessing the sufficiency of photodynamic exposure on tumors, depending on tissue parameters that change during light irradiation. This can lead to different treatment results. Aim: The objective of this article was to conduct a comprehensive review of devices and methods employed for the implicit dosimetric monitoring of personalized photodynamic therapy for tumors. Methods: The review included 88 peer-reviewed research articles published between January 2010 and April 2024 that employed implicit monitoring methods, such as fluorescence imaging and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Additionally, it encompassed computer modeling methods that are most often and successfully used in preclinical and clinical practice to predict treatment outcomes. The Internet search engine Google Scholar and the Scopus database were used to search the literature for relevant articles. Results: The review analyzed and compared the results of 88 peer-reviewed research articles presenting various methods of implicit dosimetry during photodynamic therapy. The most prominent wavelengths for PDT are in the visible and near-infrared spectral range such as 405, 630, 660, and 690 nm. Conclusions: The problem of developing an accurate, reliable, and easily implemented dosimetry method for photodynamic therapy remains a current problem, since determining the effective light dose for a specific tumor is a decisive factor in achieving a positive treatment outcome.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of fluorescence imaging in neurosurgery. Fluorescence imaging has become a valuable intraoperative visualization and guidance tool, facilitating precise surgical interventions. The therapeutic role of fluorescence is examined, including its application in photodynamic therapy and tumor-targeted therapy. It also explores its diagnostic capabilities in tumor detection, margin assessment, and blood-brain barrier evaluation. Drawing from clinical and preclinical studies, the review underscores the growing evidence supporting the efficacy of fluorescence imaging in neurosurgical practice. Furthermore, it discusses current limitations and future directions, emphasizing the potential for emerging technologies to enhance the utility and accessibility of fluorescence imaging, ultimately improving patient outcomes in neurosurgery.

Enterococci spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that cause mild to severe infections, many associated with the oral cavity, such as periapical infections and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Many of these infections become serious diseases that are difficult to resolve, specifically when multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains cause them. In recent years, the number of MDR strains of Enterococcus spp. has increased significantly. This increased prevalence of MDR strains produces significant pressure to generate more antimicrobial therapies, but there is a decline in the production of new antibiotics, driving the development of complementary therapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT combines a photosensitizer agent (PS), light, and oxygen to cause photooxidative stress in bacterial cells. PDT can eradicate Enterococcus spp. contaminations, improve the classic cleaning processes, and eradicate the bacteria in dental pieces. PDT\'s effectiveness can be improved with nanoparticles that function as carriers. Our work aims to describe the advances in PDT against Enterococcus spp. as a complement to antibiotic therapy, focusing on infections by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, dental hygiene, and using nanoparticles to improve the antimicrobial effect. A systematic bibliographic search without a meta-analysis was conducted on various databases, using inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify the most relevant research. Of the 193 non-redundant articles found, 65 were selected for a systematic review, from which a summary table was created and a manual description was made. Photodynamic therapy for treating E. faecium and E. faecalis is a widely studied area, with promising results concerning bactericidal effectiveness and reductions in biofilm formation, particularly in regard to dental hygiene. Because most of the studies were conducted in vitro or ex vivo, the results indicated that there were not sufficient data to initiate clinical trials for safety and efficacy studies on humans.

Phototherapy has become one of the most effective antibacterial methods due to its associated lack of drug resistance and its good antibacterial effect. For the purpose of avoiding the aggregation and premature release of photosensitive/photothermal agents during phototherapy, they can be mixed into three-dimensional hydrogels. The combination of hydrogels and phototherapy combines the merits of both hydrogels and phototherapy, overcomes the disadvantages of traditional antibacterial methodologies, and has broad application prospects. This review presents recent advancements in phototherapeutic antibacterial hydrogels including photodynamic antibacterial hydrogels, photothermal antibacterial hydrogels, photodynamic and photothermal synergistic antibacterial hydrogels, and other synergistic antibacterial hydrogels involving phototherapy.