BACKGROUND: Myocarditis is a significant health threat today, with infectious agents being the most common cause. Accurate diagnosis of the etiology of infectious myocarditis is crucial for effective treatment.
METHODS: Infectious myocarditis can be caused by viruses, prokaryotes, parasites, and fungi. Viral infections are typically the primary cause. However, some rare opportunistic pathogens can also damage heart muscle cells in patients with immunodeficiencies, neoplasms and those who have undergone heart surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: This article reviews research on common and rare pathogens of infectious myocarditis, emphasizing the complexity of its etiology, with the aim of helping clinicians make an accurate diagnosis of infectious myocarditis.

A fecal survey in Tamil Nadu, India, revealed 2 persons passed schistosome eggs, later identified as Schistosoma incognitum, a parasite of pigs, dogs, and rats. We investigated those cases and reviewed autochthonous schistosomiasis cases from India and Nepal. Whether the 2 new cases represent true infection or spurious passage is undetermined.

Background: The burden of zoonotic diseases in developing countries is significantly underestimated, influenced by various factors such as misdiagnosis, underreporting, natural disasters, climate change, resource limitations, rapid unplanned urbanization, poverty, animal migration, travel, ecotourism, and the tropical environmental conditions prevalent in the region. Despite Sri Lanka\'s provision of a publicly funded free health care system, zoonoses still contribute significantly to the burden of communicable diseases in the country. This study serves as a timely and exhaustive systematic review of zoonoses reported over the past 22 years in Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods: This systematic review adhered to the guidelines provided by the \"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses\" (PRISMA) statement. A systematic literature search was conducted between July and September 2022, utilizing the following databases and sources: Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Weekly Epidemiological Reports, and Rabies Statistical Bulletins published by the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. Results: From the initial database search, 1,710 articles were identified. After excluding nonzoonotic diseases, duplicated reports, inaccessible articles, and those not meeting the inclusion criteria, 570 reports were evaluated for eligibility. Of these, 91 reports were selected for data extraction, comprising 58 original research articles, 10 case reports, 16 weekly epidemiological reports, and 7 rabies statistical bulletins. Over the study period (2000-2022), 14 parasitic, 7 bacterial, and 7 viral zoonoses have been reported in Sri Lanka. Notably, leptospirosis emerged as the most reported zoonotic disease in the country. Conclusions: In response to these findings, we strongly recommend the implementation of a tailored, country-specific prevention and control program. To achieve this goal effectively, we emphasize the importance of adopting a country-specific \"One Health\" approach as a comprehensive framework for managing and controlling zoonotic diseases in Sri Lanka.

Both parasitic diseases and cancers are disorders that seriously threaten human health. A strong correlation has been recently found between parasitic infections and cancers, and multiple species of parasites and their derived products have shown effective to suppress cancer development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, deciphering the interaction among parasites, cancers and hosts not only provides new insights into the development of cancer therapy, but also provides the basis for screening of parasites-derived active anticancer molecules. This review summarizes the latest advances in the anticancer activity of parasites and underlying mechanisms.
［摘要］ 寄生虫病和癌症均为严重危害人类健康的疾病。近年来研究发现, 寄生虫感染与肿瘤间关系密切, 多种寄生虫 感染及其来源产物能够抑制癌症发生、发展与转移, 显示了较好抗癌症潜能。因此, 充分解析寄生虫、癌症与宿主间的相 互作用, 不仅可以为癌症治疗领域研究开拓新的思路, 而且可为寄生虫来源抗癌症活性分子筛选奠定基础。本文围绕寄 生虫的抗癌症效应及其潜在机制等方面的最新研究进展作一综述。.

The heterophyid trematode Metagonimus romanicus (Ciurea, 1915) (Digenea) is redescribed on the basis of type material from domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Romania, vouchers from experimentally infected cats (Felis catus) and adults recovered from golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with metacercariae from scales of chub (Squalius cephalus) and common nase (Chondrostoma nasus) (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) in Hungary. This trematode, endemic to Europe and neighbouring regions (northwestern Türkiye), was previously misidentified as M. yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912), a zoonotic parasite of humans in East Asia. However, the two species differ considerably both genetically and morphologically, e.g., in the position of the ventral sucker, the presence of the prepharynx, the anterior extent of the vitelline follicles and the posterior extent of the uterus. Metagonimus ciureanus (Witenberg, 1929) (syn. Dexiogonimus ciureanus Witenberg, 1929), described from domestic cats and dogs in Israel, is a valid species distributed in the Middle East and Transcaucasia, which is also confirmed by molecular data. It differs from all Metagonimus species, including M. romanicus, in having symmetrical testes instead of the oblique testes of the other congeners. The zoonotic significance of M. romanicus and M. ciureanus is unclear, but appears to be low in Europe, mainly because raw or undercooked, whole fish with scales are generally not consumed. Accidental infection of fishermen by metacercariae in the scales when cleaning fish is more likely, but has never been reported. Remains of cyprinoids with scales infected with metacercariae of Metagonimus spp. can be an important natural source of infection for dogs, cats, and other carnivores, which can serve as a reservoir for these parasites.
UNASSIGNED: Petits trématodes intestinaux du genre Metagonimus (Digenea : Heterophyidae) en Europe et au Moyen-Orient : revue de parasites à potentiel zoonotique.
UNASSIGNED: Le trématode Heterophyidae Metagonimus romanicus (Ciurea, 1915) (Digenea) est redécrit sur la base de matériel type provenant de chiens domestiques (Canis familiaris) en Roumanie, de vouchers issus de chats (Felis catus) infectés expérimentalement et d’adultes collectés chez des hamsters dorés (Mesocricetus auratus) infectés par des métacercaires provenant d’écailles de chevesne commun (Squalius cephalus) et de nase commun (Chondrostoma nasus) (Cypriniformes : Leuciscidae) de Hongrie. Ce trématode, endémique d’Europe et des régions voisines (nord-ouest de la Turquie), avait été précédemment identifié à tort comme étant M. yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912), un parasite zoonotique des humains en Asie de l’Est. Cependant, les deux espèces diffèrent considérablement sur le plan génétique et morphologique, par exemple par la position de la ventouse ventrale, la présence du prépharynx, l’étendue antérieure des follicules vitellins et l’étendue postérieure de l’utérus. Metagonimus ciureanus (Witenberg, 1929) (syn. Dexiogonimus ciureanus Witenberg, 1929), décrite chez des chats et des chiens domestiques en Israël, est une espèce valide répartie au Moyen-Orient et en Transcaucasie, ce qui est également confirmé par des données moléculaires. Cette espèce diffère de toutes les espèces de Metagonimus, y compris M. romanicus, par ses testicules symétriques au lieu des testicules obliques des autres congénères. L’importance zoonotique de M. romanicus et M. ciureanus n’est pas claire, mais semble faible en Europe, principalement parce que les poissons n’y sont généralement pas consommés crus ou insuffisamment cuits et entiers avec les écailles. L’infection accidentelle des pêcheurs par des métacercaires présents dans les écailles lors du nettoyage du poisson est plus probable mais n’a jamais été signalée. Les restes de poissons cyprinoïdes avec les écailles, infectés par des métacercaires de Metagonimus spp. peuvent être une source naturelle importante d’infection pour les chiens, les chats et autres carnivores, qui peuvent servir de réservoir à ces parasites.

Dye application for parasite highlighting in the Ova and Parasite exam is a common practice in parasitology diagnosis. Methods: A scoping review investigated how staining solutions interact with parasite structures. After screening 1334 papers, 35 met eligibility criteria. Results: Differentiating background from foreground in the fecal smear under light microscopy is the core of the research on this topic. Refractivity, unevenness of staining, size and temperature were explored to enhance staining protocols. Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia were the main studied species. Conclusion: Studies on diagnostic efficacy outperform those that elucidate the physical-chemical interaction between dyes and parasites. An alternative approach involves technicians using computational tools to reduce subjectivity in fecal smear interpretation, deviating from conventional methods.
What is this article about? Coloring parasites during fecal exams has been widely used to find parasites in human feces. We searched for articles that could help us to answer the question: ‘How do dyes give color to parasites?’. Then, we filtered the information from a total of 1334 articles to 35.What were the results? Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are microbes that can be seen only through a microscope. Researchers were interested in these two species in the last 40 years. Differentiating parasites from dirt on a glass slide is the main problem researchers are trying to solve. The way the light goes through parasites under a microscope, variation of staining, size and temperature of dyes have been explored to identify what gives better results in coloring protocols.What do the results of the study mean? Little is known about the chemical interaction between dyes and parasites. On the other hand, there are many studies on how good coloring methods are and comparing protocols. An alternative to the conventional approaches in staining parasites is the use of computational tools to reduce doubt in the exam interpretation by technicians.

Plasmodium vivax is one of the most geographically widespread malaria parasites in the world, primarily found across South-East Asia, Latin America, and parts of Africa. One of the significant characteristics of the P. vivax parasite is its ability to remain dormant in the human liver as hypnozoites and subsequently reactivate after the initial infection (i.e. relapse infections). Mathematical modelling approaches have been widely applied to understand P. vivax dynamics and predict the impact of intervention outcomes. Models that capture P. vivax dynamics differ from those that capture P. falciparum dynamics, as they must account for relapses caused by the activation of hypnozoites. In this article, we provide a scoping review of mathematical models that capture P. vivax transmission dynamics published between January 1988 and May 2023. The primary objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive summary of the mathematical models and techniques used to model P. vivax dynamics. In doing so, we aim to assist researchers working on mathematical epidemiology, disease transmission, and other aspects of P. vivax malaria by highlighting best practices in currently published models and highlighting where further model development is required. We categorise P. vivax models according to whether a deterministic or agent-based approach was used. We provide an overview of the different strategies used to incorporate the parasite\'s biology, use of multiple scales (within-host and population-level), superinfection, immunity, and treatment interventions. In most of the published literature, the rationale for different modelling approaches was driven by the research question at hand. Some models focus on the parasites\' complicated biology, while others incorporate simplified assumptions to avoid model complexity. Overall, the existing literature on mathematical models for P. vivax encompasses various aspects of the parasite\'s dynamics. We recommend that future research should focus on refining how key aspects of P. vivax dynamics are modelled, including spatial heterogeneity in exposure risk and heterogeneity in susceptibility to infection, the accumulation of hypnozoite variation, the interaction between P. falciparum and P. vivax, acquisition of immunity, and recovery under superinfection.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in people who applied to the parasitology laboratory of Fırat University Faculty of Medicine between January 2018 and December 2021.
Parasitological examination reports of a total of 24,432 patients who applied to the Parasitology Laboratory of Fırat University Faculty of Medicine between January 2018 and December 2021 were examined retrospectively for the presence of intestinal parasites.
A total of 24,432 (male: 12,887, 52.75%; female: 11,545, 47.25%) patients whose stool and cellophane tape samples were analyzed during the four-year period between January 2018 and December 2021 were included in the study. Intestinal parasites were found in 335 (1.4%) of the 24,432 patients examined. The most frequently detected parasite was Giardia intestinalis (n=149, 46.6%), followed by Entamoeba coli (n=123, 38.5%) and Enterobius vermicularis (n=28, 8.6%). When the distribution of parasite detection rates by years was examined, it was seen that the highest rate was in 2021 and the lowest rate was in 2019.
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPE) are one of the most important public health problems in the world and in our country. Various factors such as the education level of the society, socio-economic status, infrastructure and climate affect the distribution of IPE. When we look at the distribution of parasites by years, it is 1.3% in 2018; 1.13% in 2019; 1.18% in 2020; In 2021, we found it to be 2.03%. We think that this increase in intestinal parasites is caused by the infrastructure and sheltering problems caused by the earthquake in our region.
Çalışmada Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Parazitoloji Laboratuvarı’na Ocak 2018-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında başvuran kişilerde saptanan bağırsak parazitlerinin dağılımının incelenmesi amaçlandı.
Ocak 2018-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Parazitoloji Laboratuvarı’na başvuran toplam 24,432 hastaya ait parazitolojik tetkik raporları bağırsak parazitlerinin varlığı açısından retrospektif olarak incelendi.
Ocak 2018-Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasındaki dört yıllık dönemde dışkı ve selofan bant örnekleri incelenen toplam 24,432 (erkek: 12,887, %52,8; kadın: 11,545, %47,2) hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. İncelenen 24,432 hastanın 335’inde (%1,4) bağırsak parazitine rastlandı. En sık tespit edilen parazit Giardia intestinalis (n=149, %46,6) iken, ardından Entamoeba coli (n=123, %38,5) ve Enterobius vermicularis (n=28, %8,6) gelmekteydi. Parazit saptanma oranlarının yıllara göre dağılımı incelendiğinde en yüksek oranın 2021 en düşük oranının ise 2019 yılına ait olduğu görüldü.
İntestinal parazitik enfeksiyonlar (İPE) dünyada ve ülkemizde önemini koruyan önemli halk sağlığı sorunlarından biridir. İPE dağılımını toplumun eğitim düzeyi, sosyo-ekonomik durumu, altyapı, iklim gibi çeşitli faktörler etkilemektedir. Yıllara göre parazit dağılımına baktığımızda 2018 yılında %1,3; 2019 yılında %1,13; 2020 yılında %1,18; 2021 yılında ise %2,03 olarak saptadık. İntestinal parazit görülmedeki bu artışın bölgemizde yaşanan depremden kaynaklı altyapı ve barınma sorunlarından kaynaklandığını düşünüyoruz.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can be a major constraint and global challenge to the sheep industry. These nematodes infect the small intestine and abomasum of grazing sheep, causing symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and anemia, which can lead to death. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to GIN resistance, and excessive use of these drugs has resulted in residue traced in food and the environment. Resistance to GINs can be measured using multiple traits, including fecal egg count (FEC), Faffa Malan Chart scores, hematocrit, packed cell volume, eosinophilia, immunoglobulin (Ig), and dagginess scores. Genetic variation among animals exists, and understanding these differences can help identify genomic regions associated with resistance to GINs in sheep. Genes playing important roles in the immune system were identified in several studies in this review, such as the CFI and MUC15 genes. Results from several studies showed overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with multiple traits measuring resistance to GINs, mainly FEC. The discovery of genomic regions, positional candidate genes, and QTLs associated with resistance to GINs can help increase and accelerate genetic gains in sheep breeding programs and reveal the genetic basis and biological mechanisms underlying this trait.

Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites associated with a wide range of vertebrate hosts. Within this group, the Ixodidae family stands out, in which the Ixodes genus contains at least 245 species worldwide, from which 55 species are present in the Neotropical region. Ixodes affinis, a tick described in 1899, has a wide distribution from the Southern Cone of America to the United States. However, since its description, morphological variability has been reported among its populations. Furthermore, attempts have been made to clarify its status as a species complex using mitochondrial markers, but mainly in restricted populations of South and Central America. Thus, information related to populations of the transition region between the Neotropical and Nearctic zones is lacking. For these reasons, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the genetic diversity and structure of I. affinis across the Americas and to compile all the published records of I. affinis in America, to elucidate the host-parasite relationships and to identify their geographical distribution. For this, a phylogeny, and AMOVA analyses were performed to assess the genetic structure of samples obtained by field work in South Carolina, USA and Yucatán, Mexico. A total of 86 sequences were retrieved from a fragment of the 16S region. Phylogeny and genetic structure analysis showed four groups that were geographically and genetically related with high branch support and Fst values, all of them statistically significant. The results obtained support the hypothesis that I. affinis it corresponds to a complex of four species, which must be validated through future morphological comparisons.