Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the rarest malignancies and carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The presentation of the disease depends on the stage and the anatomical relation of the lesion. In this case report, we present a case of a young female patient, who was found to have a pedunculated nasopharyngeal mass upon examination. The patient presented with nasal obstruction, which improved after surgical removal of the lesion. A histopathological examination of the resected mass revealed an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma type, which usually arises as an exophytic raised mass and not a pedunculated mass as in this case.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinomas (HCCCs) are infrequent, malignant tumors characterized by their low-grade nature. They typically originate from minor salivary glands. However, these tumors can potentially emerge in any location with minor salivary glands, including the nasopharynx. This report presents two cases of HCCC in females aged 61 and 72 years, with both tumors approximately 4 cm in size. In the first case, a 72-year-old female presented with recurrent bilateral epistaxis. Imaging studies revealed a nasopharyngeal mass, surgically excised, and histopathological analysis confirmed HCCC. Postoperatively, the patient received combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, achieving a recurrence-free status 2.5 years later. The second case involves a 61-year-old female with a two-year history of bloody nasal discharge. Imaging studies identified a nasopharyngeal lesion, surgically removed, and histopathological examination confirmed HCCC. This patient underwent radiotherapy followed by combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin, displaying no signs of recurrence upon reevaluation after 10 months. These cases highlight the successful management of HCCC through a comprehensive, multimodal approach, integrating surgical intervention and adjuvant therapy. The favorable outcomes emphasize the significance of a thorough treatment strategy for HCCC in the nasopharynx, providing valuable insights for clinicians. Further studies are essential to enhance our understanding of this rare entity and refine treatment protocols for optimized patient outcomes.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) belonging to a distinct group of mesenchymal tumors, was originally described by Klemper and Rabin in the pleura in year 1931. However, it can also be extra-pleural in origin. With tongue being the most common site involved in this region, epiglottis, larynx, thyroid, external auditory canal, lacrimal sac, hypoglossal nerve, parotid gland, sublingual gland, Para pharyngeal space, nasopharynx, scalp, gingiva, orbit and infratemporal fossa as well as paranasal sinuses and nasal cavities can also get involved. But SFTs involving nasal cavities and nasopharynx are quite uncommon, accounting for < 0.1% of all Sino-nasal neoplasms. Until now there have only been 40 cases of nasal SFT reported in literature. We report the case of an extraserosa solitary fibrous tumor arising from the nasal cavity with extension to the sphenoid sinus, a much rarer presentation of its type. Our case report is one of its type, emphasizing the need conducting further studies on the nature and management of the disease.

The nasopharynx is a rare anatomical location where a foreign body may become lodged after being ingested or inhaled. We are presenting a rare case of nasopharyngeal foreign body impaction in a two-and-a-half-year-old child that had been missed for almost a year. The child presented with a history of right-sided foul-smelling nasal discharge, snoring and mouth breathing. An X-Ray soft tissue lateral view of the post-nasal space showed an irregular partially radiopaque nasopharyngeal foreign body. The removal of the foreign body was performed under general anaesthesia successfully. Foreign body impaction in the nasopharynx can easily be missed and it is important to keep this region in mind when dealing with missing inhaled or ingested foreign bodies.

Actinomycetes are predominantly pathogenic bacteria that lack aerial hyphae and do not form spores. They are generally anaerobic or facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the prokaryotic group. Actinomycetes are widely distributed in nature, similar to other bacteria, and are mostly saprophytic, with a few being parasitic. They are named as such due to their colony\'s radial form. The symptoms and signs of actinomycosis are atypical and rarely manifest in the nasopharynx. Consequently, it can be challenging to distinguish actinomycosis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma, making diagnosis difficult. Histopathology is usually relied upon for diagnosis, although culture may pose challenges. Fortunately, actinomycetes are highly sensitive to penicillin. Therefore, timely treatment with high doses of penicillin is crucial for successful recovery. In this case study, we present the details of a 53-year-old female patient with no history of mucosal damage or tooth decay but with a previous partial thyroidectomy. The patient experienced recurring neck pain accompanied by progressive limitation of neck movement. Nasopharyngoscopy revealed the presence of a smooth-surfaced mass. Subsequent biopsy, clinical imaging, microbiological analysis, and histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of actinomycosis.Following a comprehensive treatment plan involving a combination of penicillin and doxycycline for a duration of two months, the disease was successfully eradicated.

UNASSIGNED: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a rare neoplasm arising from minor salivary glands, representing approximately 3 % of head and neck tumors. The clinical presentation of PLGA is defined as a painless, slow-growing tumor, mostly occurring in the palate. We report a case of PLGA with a rare presentation.
METHODS: A 76-year-old male, known case of hepatitis B, diabetes, and hypertension, presented to the emergency department complaining of spitting blood and dysphagia. Imaging showed a heterogeneous enlarged left tonsil with hyperemia of the mucosa, and air foci. Biopsy with excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of PLGA. The patient underwent completion tonsillectomy and selective neck dissection which yielded tonsillar tissue with underlying PLGA, and reactive lymph nodes with no malignant tissue respectively, margins were negative for malignancy.
UNASSIGNED: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma is a rare lesion with clinical behavior resembling that of a benign neoplasm. Predominantly occurring in the oral cavity, especially on the hard palate, buccal mucosa, and retromolar region, with fewer cases in the upper lip. Occurrence in the nasopharynx and oropharynx is rare. PLGA presents as painless slow-growing masses, typically in females aged 50-60. Local excision with careful margin evaluation is the preferred treatment, with good prognosis compared to other carcinomas.
CONCLUSIONS: PLGA is rare, with limited reported case from around the world. It is mostly seen in adults between their fifth and sixth decades with female predominance. PLGA is diagnosed using imaging, immunohistochemistry. Owing to the limited cases there is no standard approach to treating PLGA. However, most cases are managed with local excision and showed an excellent response in terms of tumor nonrecurrence.

UNASSIGNED: Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma is extremely rare, occurs in the midline of the body, progresses rapidly and is refractory to treatment; most patients die within a year. Here, we describe a case of maxillary sinus NUT carcinoma presenting with epistaxis and nasal obstruction that was treated as a standard head and neck carcinoma.
UNASSIGNED: The patient was a 41-year-old male with a left buccal swelling; the diagnosis was made of primary NUT carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus and bone metastasis in the cervical spine. After induction chemotherapy with docetaxel plus cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, the tumor decreased in size, and the patient was further treated with cisplatin and radiation therapy. One month after that, the tumor remained small, however, lung metastasis was observed. Therefore, nivolumab was administered. Cetuximab and paclitaxel were administered after the lung metastasis worsened, but the patient developed progressive disease and died 11 months after diagnosis.
UNASSIGNED: Effective treatments for NUT carcinoma have not yet been established. However, early testing to establish the diagnosis may provide useful insights to guide clinical decisions to improve patient outcomes.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) has been sporadically detected in patients with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We report a case of AFM in a 2-year-old boy with severe neurologic sequelae, whose nasopharyngeal and stool samples tested positive for HRV-A19. Clinical information related to AFM with HRV is limited. Further study of the association of AFM with HRV is warranted.

Objective: Nasopharyngeal melanoma is a rare mucosal malignant melanoma with high recurrence rate, metastasis rate and vascular invasion rate. In this paper, we report a case of primary nasopharyngeal mucosal melanoma. Methods: A case of primary nasopharyngeal mucosal melanoma was reported, and its clinical symptoms, pathological characteristics, treatment and follow-up were described in detail. Results: This report describes a 59-year-old male patient with persistent nasal congestion and suspected malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasm. Patients receive surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy after complete resection. Imaging studies showed no tissue invasion or lymph node metastases. The results of immunohistochemistry were Melan-A(+), HMB45(+), and S100(+). The final diagnosis was malignant nasopharyngeal melanoma. After 2 years of follow-up, the prognosis was good, and there was no metastasis or recurrence. Discussion: Nasopharyngeal melanoma is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, and surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Postoperative adjuvant therapy can improve the rate of local control of lesions. Early diagnosis and thorough examination are extremely important for the patient\'s prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by gram-positive bacilli C. diphtheriae involving nasal, pharyngeal, tonsillar, or laryngeal mucus membranes. The mortality rate is as high as 20%, with India contributing almost 78% of the world incidence.
OBJECTIVE: We report a fatal case of nasopharyngeal diphtheria with carrier study in close contacts.
METHODS: Seven years child presented with fever, throat pain, and earache for 3 days followed by neck swelling and noisy respiration. On examination, membrane was present in the throat, which was received for Albert and Gram staining and reported as positive for C. diphtheria like organisms followed by culture. The patient was treated with ADS and antibiotics, and intensively managed, but still succumbed to death. Follow-up was done for carriage of C. diphtheriae on the throat and nasopharyngeal swabs of siblings and close contacts. It was isolated in 3 of them. Samples were processed for Gram, Albert stain, and culture. Identification, antibiotic sensitivity, and toxigenicity were done.
CONCLUSIONS: Four samples, one from the patient and three from contacts showed the presence of gram-positive slender bacilli with cuneiform arrangement, less cellular infiltrate on the Gram stain, and the presence of few metachromatic granules in the Albert stain. C. diphtheriae was grown on Potassium Tellurite agar. Antibiogram of all isolates was similar with resistance to Erythromycin and sensitivity to Penicillin. Isolates were confirmed by PCR and ToxA gene was detected. Contacts were treated with Penicillin and repeat swabs were negative.
CONCLUSIONS: Present health statistics and this study suggests, fight against diphtheria in India is far from being over. It still lurks in some remote areas. It is a need to remain vigilant, keep tracing, and treating contacts to curtail down the rate of infection. In view of the resurgence, Government has given directives to replace TT with Td in UIP. Still, a lot needs to be done.