The current global epidemic of hypertension is not a disease in and of itself but rather a significant risk factor for serious cardiovascular conditions such as peripheral artery disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Although many medications that work through various mechanisms of action are available on the market in conventional formulations to treat hypertension, these medications face significant difficulties with their bioavailability, dosing, and associated side effects, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of their therapeutic interventions. Numerous studies have shown that nanocarriers and nanoformulations can minimize the toxicity associated with high doses of the drug while greatly increasing the drug\'s bioavailability and reducing the frequency of dosing.

This review sheds light on the difficulties posed by traditional antihypertensive formulations and highlights the necessity of oral nanoparticulate systems to solve these issues. Because hypertension has a circadian blood pressure pattern, chronotherapeutics can be very important in treating the condition. On the other hand, nanoparticulate systems can be very important in managing hypertension.

UNASSIGNED: Nanotechnology may open up new avenues for overcoming the challenges of pancreatic cancer therapy as a broad arsenal of anticancer medicines fail to realize their full therapeutic potential in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma due to the formation of multiple resistance mechanisms inside the tumor. Many studies have reported the successful use of various nano formulations in pancreatic cancer therapy.
UNASSIGNED: This review covers all the major nanotechnology-based patent litrature available on renowned patent data bases like Patentscope and Espacenet, through the time period of 2007-2022. This is an entirely patent centric review, and it includes both clinical and non-clinical data available on nanotechnology-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for pancreatic cancer.
UNASSIGNED: For the sake of understanding, the patents are categorized under various formulation-specific heads like metallic/non-metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, protein nanoparticles and liposomes. This distinguishes one specific nanoparticle type from another and makes this review a one-of-a-kind comprehensive patent compilation that has not been reported so far in the history of nanotechnological formulations in pancreatic cancer.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that replicates inside human alveolar macrophages. This disease causes significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization 1.4 million people died of this disease in 2021. This indicates that despite the progress of modern medicine, improvements in diagnostics, and the development of drug susceptibility tests, TB remains a global threat to public health. In this sense, host-directed therapy may provide a new approach to the cure of TB, and the expression of miRNAs has been correlated with a change in the concentration of various inflammatory mediators whose concentrations are responsible for the pathophysiology of M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, the administration of miRNAs may help to modulate the immune response of organisms. However, direct administration of miRNAs, without adequate encapsulation, exposes nucleic acids to the activity of cytosolic nucleases, limiting their application. Dendrimers are a family of highly branched molecules with a well-defined architecture and a branched conformation which gives rise to cavities that facilitate physical immobilization, and functional groups that allow chemical interaction with molecules of interest. Additionally, dendrimers can be easily functionalized to target different cells, macrophages among them. In this sense, various studies have proposed the use of different cell receptors as target molecules to aim dendrimers at macrophages and thus release drugs or nucleic acids in the cell of interest. Based on the considerations, the primary objective of this review is to comprehensively explore the potential of functionalized dendrimers as delivery vectors for miRNAs and other therapeutic agents into macrophages. This work aims to provide insights into the use of functionalized dendrimers as an innovative approach for TB treatment, focusing on their ability to target and deliver therapeutic cargo to macrophages.

A sensor can be called ideal or perfect if it is enriched with certain characteristics viz., superior detections range, high sensitivity, selectivity, resolution, reproducibility, repeatability, and response time with good flow. Recently, biosensors made of nanoparticles (NPs) have gained very high popularity due to their excellent applications in nearly all the fields of science and technology. The use of NPs in the biosensor is usually done to fill the gap between the converter and the bioreceptor, which is at the nanoscale. Simultaneously the uses of NPs and electrochemical techniques have led to the emergence of biosensors with high sensitivity and decomposition power. This review summarizes the development of biosensors made of NPssuch as noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs, nanowires (NWs), nanorods (NRs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), quantum dots (QDs), and dendrimers and their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion of nanotechnology.

HCV, hepatitis C virus, is a virus that causes damage to the liver. Both chronic infection or lack of treatment increase morbidity except if it is an acute infection, as the body clears the virus without any intervention. Also, the virus has many genotypes, and until now, there has yet to be a single treatment capable of affecting and treating all these genotypes at once. This review will discuss the main and most used old treatments, IFN-a, PEG IFN-a, Ribavirin, Celgosvir, and sofosbuvir alone and with the combination of other drugs and their drawbacks. They should be given in combination to improve the effect on the virus compared with being administrated independently, as in the case of sofosbuvir. For these reasons, the need for new treatments and diagnostic tools arises, and the rule of nanotechnology comes here. The role of carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and fullerenes will be discussed. CNTs, carbon nanotubes, are one-dimensional structures composed of a cylindrical sheet of graphite and are mainly used for diagnostic purposes against HCV. Dendrimers, three-dimensional highly branched structures, are macromolecules that provide better drug delivery and treatment options due to their unique structure that can be modified, producing versatile types; each has unique properties. Fullerenes which are cage like structures derived and closely related to CNTs, and composed of carbon atoms that can be substituted by other atoms which in return open unlimited usage for these carbon based materials. Fullerenes rule is unique since it has two mechanisms that prevent the virus from binding and acting on the virus-replicating enzyme. However, their charge needs to be determined; otherwise, it will lead to cytotoxicity. Lastly, no review has been done on the role of nanotechnology against HCV yet.

Alzheimer\'s is one of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses that affect brain cellular function. In this disease, the neurons in the brain are considered to be decaying steadily but consistently by the accumulation of amyloid mass, particularly the β-amyloids, amyloid proteins, and Tau proteins. The most responsible amyloid-proteins are amyloid-40 and amyloid-42, which have a high probability of accumulating in excess over the brain cell, interfering with normal brain cell function and triggering brain cell death. The advancement of pharmaceutical sciences leads to the development of Nanotheranostics technology, which may be used to diagnose and treat Alzheimer\'s. They are the colloidal nanoparticles functionalised with the therapeutic moiety as well as a diagnostic moiety. This article discusses the prognosis of Alzheimer\'s, various nanotheranostics approaches (nanoparticles, quantum dots, aptamers, dendrimers, etc), and their recent advancement in managing Alzheimer\'s. Also, various in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostic methodologies were discussed with respect to nanotheranostics.
Describing the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s with respect to amyloid β in the prognosis of the diseasePresenting the various nanotheranostics techniques for the detection and treatment of Alzheimer’s diseaseNanoparticles, Aptamers, and Dendrimers used as diagnostic and treatment entitiesIn-vivo (MRI, OI) and In-vitro (STM, TRPS) diagnostic approaches for detecting Alzheimer’s disease.

In recent years, drug manufacturers and researchers have begun to consider the nanobiotechnology approach to improve the drug delivery system for tumour and cancer diseases. In this article, we review current strategies to improve tumour and cancer drug delivery, which mainly focuses on sustaining biocompatibility, biodistribution, and active targeting. The conventional therapy using cornerstone drugs such as fludarabine, cisplatin etoposide, and paclitaxel has its own challenges especially not being able to discriminate between tumour versus normal cells which eventually led to toxicity and side effects in the patients. In contrast to the conventional approach, nanoparticle-based drug delivery provides target-specific delivery and controlled release of the drug, which provides a better therapeutic window for treatment options by focusing on the eradication of diseased cells via active targeting and sparing normal cells via passive targeting. Additionally, treatment of tumours associated with the brain is hampered by the impermeability of the blood-brain barriers to the drugs, which eventually led to poor survival in the patients. Nanoparticle-based therapy offers superior delivery of drugs to the target by breaching the blood-brain barriers. Herein, we provide an overview of the properties of nanoparticles that are crucial for nanotechnology applications. We address the potential future applications of nanobiotechnology targeting specific or desired areas. In particular, the use of nanomaterials, biostructures, and drug delivery methods for the targeted treatment of tumours and cancer are explored.

Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers are arrangements containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units, capable of forming ordered aggregates by intermolecular noncovalent interactions between the dendrimer units. Compared to conventional dendrimers, these molecular self-assemblies possess particular and effective attributes i.e., the presence of different terminal groups, essential to design new elaborated materials. The present review will focus on the pharmaceutical and biomedical application of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers. Important information for the development of novel optimized pharmaceutical formulations, such as structural classification, synthetic pathways, properties and applications, will offer the complete characterization of this type of Janus dendrimers. This work will constitute an up-to-date background for dendrimer specialists involved in designing amphiphilic Janus dendrimer-based nanomaterials for future innovations in this promising field.

Formulations from nanotechnology platform promote therapeutic drug delivery and offer various advantages such as biocompatibility, non-inflammatory effects, high therapeutic output, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility in comparison with free drug delivery. Due to inherent shortcomings of conventional drug delivery to cancerous tissues, alternative nanotechnological-based approaches have been developed for such ailments. Ovarian cancer is the leading gynecological cancer with higher mortality rates due to its reoccurrence and late diagnosis. In recent years, the field of medical nanotechnology has witnessed significant progress in addressing existing problems and improving the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases including cancer. Nevertheless, the literature and current reviews on nanotechnology are mainly focused on its applications in other cancers or diseases. In this review, we focused on the nanoscale drug delivery systems for ovarian cancer targeted therapy and diagnosis, and different nanocarriers systems including dendrimers, nanoparticles, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanomicelles for ovarian cancer have been discussed. In comparison to non-functionalized counterparts of nanoformulations, the therapeutic potential and preferential targeting of ovarian cancer through ligand functionalized nanoformulations\' development has been reviewed. Furthermore, numerous biomarkers such as prostatic, mucin 1, CA-125, apoptosis repeat baculoviral inhibitor-5, human epididymis protein-4, and e-cadherin have been identified and elucidated in this review for the assessment of ovarian cancer. Nanomaterial biosensor-based tumor markers and their various types for ovarian cancer diagnosis are explained in this article. In association, different nanocarrier approaches for the ovarian cancer therapy have also been underpinned. To ensure ovarian cancer control and efficient detection, there is an urgent need for faster and less costly medical tools in the arena of oncology.

Nanotechnology is the emerging and advance field of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. With the development of nanotechnology, different nanoparticles are used in the treatment of cancer due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, surface effects, and small size effects. Nanoparticles are the particles which have the particular size from 1 to 100 nm. These nanoparticles are zero dimension, one dimension, two dimension and three dimension etc. In present scenario a variety of research is focused on the tailored synthesis of nanoparticles for medicinal applications that can be used for cancer treatment based on the morphology, composition, interaction with target cell. The gastrointestinal (GI) tumors are found one of the deadest cancer types with highest reoccurrence rates. The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer is very challenging due to its deep location and complicated surgery. Nanotechnology provides fast diagnosis and immediate treatment for the gastrointestinal disease. A variety of nanomaterials are used for the diagnosis and treatment of GI disease. Nanoparticles target directly to the tumor cell as diagnostic and therapeutic tools facilitating the identification and removal of tumor cells. A number of nanoparticles are developed for the uses are quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), Dendrimers etc. This review article gives an overview of the most promising nanomaterials used for the diagnosis and treatment of GI diseases. This review attempts to incorporate numerous uses for the most current nanomaterials, which have great potential for treating gastrointestinal diseases.