Exosomes, as pivotal entities within the tumor microenvironment, orchestrate intercellular communication through the transfer of diverse molecules, among which non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs play a crucial role. These ncRNAs, endowed with regulatory functions, are selectively incorporated into exosomes. Emerging evidence underscores the significance of exosomal ncRNAs in modulating key oncogenic processes in thyroid cancer (TC), including proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and immunoediting. The unique composition of exosomes shields their cargo from enzymatic and chemical degradation, ensuring their integrity and facilitating their specific expression in plasma. This positions exosomal ncRNAs as promising candidates for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in TC. Moreover, the potential of exosomes in the therapeutic landscape of TC is increasingly recognized. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between exosomal ncRNAs and TC, fostering a deeper comprehension of their mechanistic involvement. By doing so, it endeavors to propel forward the exploration of exosomal ncRNAs in TC, ultimately paving the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies predicated on exosomes and their ncRNA content.

During the last few decades there has been a growing interest in understanding the involvement of epigenetics in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), may serve as epigenetic modifiers affecting the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is increasing evidence supporting the idea that the function of all three types of ncRNAs seems to be interdependent. LncRNAs can act as miRNA decoys, while circRNAs can act as miRNA sponges, leading to the re-expression of miRNA target genes. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the expression patterns of ncRNAs in periodontal disease. Studies demonstrate a positive correlation between miRNA expression and periodontitis; however, this cannot be claimed for lncRNAs and circRNAs, which appear to be differentially expressed in periodontitis patients. Several studies have also suggested utilizing ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in periodontitis, or even as potential therapeutic targets; Nevetheless, the evidence to support this is premature. Future well-designed research remains necessary to establish the functional role of ncRNAs in the evolution and progression of periodontal disease.

Our previous study identified 8 risk and 9 protective plasma miRNAs associated with progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in diabetes. This study aimed to elucidate preanalytical factors that influence the quantification of circulating miRNAs. Using the EdgeSeq platform, which quantifies 2,002 miRNAs in plasma, including ESKD-associated miRNAs, we compared miRNA profiles in whole plasma versus miRNA profiles in RNA extracted from the same plasma specimens. Less than half of the miRNAs were detected in standard RNA extraction from plasma. Detection of individual and concentrations of miRNAs were much lower when RNA extracted from plasma was quantified by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) or quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) platforms compared with EdgeSeq. Plasma profiles of miRNAs determined by the EdgeSeq platform had excellent reproducibility in assessment and had no variation with age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, BMI, and cryostorage time. The risk ESKD-associated miRNAs were detected and measured accurately only in whole plasma and using the EdgeSeq platform. Protective ESKD-associated miRNAs were detected by all platforms except qRT-PCR; however, correlations among concentrations obtained with different platforms were weak or nonexistent. In conclusion, preanalytical factors have a profound effect on detection and quantification of circulating miRNAs in ESKD in diabetes. Quantification of miRNAs in whole plasma and using the EdgeSeq platform may be the preferable method to study profiles of circulating cell-free miRNAs associated with ESKD and possibly other diseases.

RNA biology has revolutionized cancer understanding and treatment, especially in endocrine-related malignancies. This editorial highlights RNA\'s crucial role in cancer progression, emphasizing its influence on tumor heterogeneity and behavior. Processes like alternative splicing and noncoding RNA regulation shape cancer biology, with microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs orchestrating gene expression dynamics. Aberrant RNA signatures hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in endocrine-related cancers. Recent findings, such as aberrant PI3Kδ splice isoforms and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related lncRNA signatures, unveil potential therapeutic targets for personalized treatments. Insights into m6A-associated lncRNA prognostic models and the function of lncRNA LINC00659 in gastric cancer represents ongoing research in this field. As understanding of RNA\'s role in cancer expands, personalized therapies offer transformative potential in managing endocrine-related malignancies. This signifies a significant stride towards precision oncology, fostering innovation for more effective cancer care.

Insects depend on humoral immunity against intruders through the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and immune effectors via NF-κB transcription factors, and their fitness is improved by gut bacterial microbiota. Although there are growing numbers of reports on noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) involving in immune responses against pathogens, comprehensive studies of ncRNA-AMP regulatory networks in Riptortus pedestris, which is one of the widely distributed pests in East Asia, are still not well understood under feeding environmental changes. The objective of this study employed the whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS) to systematically identify the lncRNAs (long noncoding RNA) and circRNAs (circular RNA) and to obtain their differential expression from the R. pedestris gut under different feeding conditions. Functional annotation indicated that they were mainly enriched in various biological processes with the GO and KEGG databases, especially in immune signaling pathways. Five defensin (four novel members) and eleven lysozyme (nine novel members) family genes were identified and characterized from WTS data, and meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis confirmed their classification. Subsequently, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network of above two AMPs and lncRNA-involved ceRNA (competing endogenous RNA) regulatory network of one lysozyme were predicted and built based on bioinformatic prediction and calculation, and the expression patterns of differentially expressed (DE) defensins, and DE lysozymes and related DE ncRNAs were estimated and selected among all the comparison groups. Finally, to integrate the analyses of WTS and previous 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we conducted the Pearson correlation analysis to reveal the significantly positive or negative correlation between above DE AMPs and ncRNAs, as well as most changes in the gut bacterial microbiota at the genus level of R. pedestris. Taken together, the present observations provide great insights into the ncRNA regulatory networks of AMPs in response to rearing environmental changes in insects and uncover new potential strategies for pest control in the future.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and its morbidity is increasing worldwide due to increasing prevalence. Metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and serves a role in cancer progression. Glucose, lipids and amino acids are three major components whose altered metabolism can directly affect the energy production of cells, including liver cancer cells. Nutrients and energy are indispensable for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, thus altering the metabolism of hepatoma cells can inhibit the progression of HCC. The present review summarizes recent studies on tumour regulatory molecules, including numerous noncoding RNAs, oncogenes and tumour suppressors, which regulate the metabolic activities of glucose, lipids and amino acids by targeting key enzymes, signalling pathways or interactions between the two. These regulatory molecules can regulate the rapid proliferation of cancer cells, tumour progression and treatment resistance. It is thought that these tumour regulatory factors may serve as therapeutic targets or valuable biomarkers for HCC, with the potential to mitigate HCC drug resistance. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of metabolic inhibitors as a treatment approach for HCC, as well as possible solutions are discussed, providing insights for developing more effective treatment strategies for HCC.

Advances in understanding gene expression regulation through epigenetic mechanisms have contributed to elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of noncoding RNAs as pharmacological targets in several diseases. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved, short, noncoding RNAs regulating in a concerted manner gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting specific sequences of the 3\'-untranslated region of mRNA. Conversely, mechanisms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain largely elusive due to their life-course origins, multifactorial pathophysiology, and co-morbidities. In this regard, CVD treatment with conventional medications results in therapeutic failure due to progressive resistance to monotherapy, which overlooks the multiple factors involved, and reduced adherence to poly-pharmacology approaches. Consequently, considering its role in regulating complete gene pathways, miR-based drugs have appreciably progressed into preclinical and clinical testing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of miRs in cardiovascular disease, focusing specifically on describing how clinical chemistry and physics have improved the stability of the miR molecule. In addition, a comprehensive review of the main miRs involved in cardiovascular disease and the clinical trials in which these molecules are used as active pharmacological molecules is provided.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play key roles in the regulation of important pathways, including cellular growth, stress management, signaling, and biofilm formation. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) contribute to huge economic losses causing microbial-induced corrosion through biofilms on metal surfaces. To effectively combat the challenges posed by SRB, it is essential to understand their molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation. This study aimed to identify ncRNAs in the genome of a model SRB, Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 (OA G20). Three in silico approaches revealed genome-wide distribution of 37 ncRNAs excluding tRNAs in the OA G20. These ncRNAs belonged to 18 different Rfam families. This study identified riboswitches, sRNAs, RNP, and SRP. The analysis revealed that these ncRNAs could play key roles in the regulation of several pathways of biosynthesis and transport involved in biofilm formation by OA G20. Three sRNAs, Pseudomonas P10, Hammerhead type II, and sX4, which were found in OA G20, are rare and their roles have not been determined in SRB. These results suggest that applying various computational methods could enrich the results and lead to the discovery of additional novel ncRNAs, which could lead to understanding the \"rules of life of OA G20\" during biofilm formation.

Epigenetic machinery is a cornerstone in normal cell development, orchestrating tissue-specific gene expression in mammalian cells. Aberrations in this intricate landscape drive substantial changes in gene function, emerging as a linchpin in cancer etiology and progression. While cancer was conventionally perceived as solely a genetic disorder, its contemporary definition encompasses genetic alterations intertwined with disruptive epigenetic abnormalities. This review explores the profound impact of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs on fundamental cellular processes. When these pivotal epigenetic mechanisms undergo disruption, they intricately guide the acquisition of the 6 hallmark characteristics of cancer within seemingly normal cells. Leveraging the latest advancements in decoding these epigenetic intricacies holds immense promise, heralding a new era in developing targeted and more efficacious treatment modalities against cancers driven by aberrant epigenetic modifications.

The loss or dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells, which are responsible for insulin secretion, constitutes the foundation of all forms of diabetes, a widely prevalent disease worldwide. The replacement of damaged β-cells with regenerated or transplanted cells derived from stem cells is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, inducing the differentiation of stem cells into fully functional glucose-responsive β-cells in vitro has proven to be challenging. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulatory factors governing the differentiation, identity, and function of β-cells. Furthermore, engineered hydrogel systems, biomaterials, and organ-like structures possess engineering characteristics that can provide a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment that supports stem cell differentiation. This review summarizes the roles and contributions of ncRNAs in maintaining the differentiation, identity, and function of β-cells. And it focuses on regulating the levels of ncRNAs in stem cells to activate β-cell genetic programs for generating alternative β-cells and discusses how to manipulate ncRNA expression by combining hydrogel systems and other tissue engineering materials. Elucidating the patterns of ncRNA-mediated regulation in β-cell biology and utilizing this knowledge to control stem cell differentiation may offer promising therapeutic strategies for generating functional insulin-producing cells in diabetes cell replacement therapy and tissue engineering.