Introduction Urinary bladder lesions encompass a wide spectrum, from benign inflammatory conditions to malignant neoplasms, presenting diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Urothelial carcinoma predominates among bladder malignancies, exhibiting diverse clinical presentations and prognoses. Objective This study aimed to delineate the histopathological spectrum of urinary bladder lesions and correlate demographic profiles, clinical features, and cystoscopic findings with various bladder lesions. Methods This prospective descriptive observational study spanned 24 months at a tertiary care center, involving 65 cases of urinary bladder biopsies, including transurethral resection of bladder tumors, cystoscopic biopsies, and cystectomy specimens. The histopathological examination followed the WHO 2022 classification of urinary bladder tumors and the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition staging. Clinical data, including age, gender, cystoscopic findings, and presenting symptoms, were correlated with histopathological diagnoses to explore the spectrum of bladder lesions. Results Neoplastic lesions predominated, constituting 92.3% of cases, with urothelial carcinoma comprising 83.33% of these cases. Among neoplastic lesions, invasive high-grade urothelial carcinoma (36.7%) and non-invasive low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasm (20.0%) were the most frequently observed subtypes. Non-neoplastic lesions accounted for 7.7%, including various forms of cystitis. Hematuria was the predominant presenting symptom (81.5%), while cystoscopic examinations revealed that most lesions were situated in the lateral bladder wall. High-grade urothelial carcinomas were mostly associated with muscularis propria invasion. Conclusion This study underscores the critical role of histopathological examination in diagnosing and managing urinary bladder diseases and distinguishing between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Urothelial carcinoma, prevalent among older age groups, often demonstrated muscle invasion indicative of high-grade tumors. Including the muscle layer in cystoscopic biopsies is crucial for an accurate diagnosis. Conversely, though less common, non-neoplastic conditions encompass various forms of cystitis. These findings highlight the importance of precise diagnostic tools such as cystoscopy and histopathological examination for the early detection and management of bladder neoplasms. Histopathological assessment offers essential prognostic guidance, aids in precise staging and grading, and directs tailored treatment strategies.

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) is a widely adopted imaging modality for detecting hypermetabolic lesions. However, emerging positron-emitting tracers, such as radiopharmaceuticals featuring fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitors (FAPI) labeled with [18F] or [68Ga], have opened new avenues in nuclear medicine. This case report focuses on the unique behavior of [68Ga]-FAPI in bilateral gluteal myositis ossificans, an infrequent condition characterized by soft tissue ossification. A 45-year-old woman with gastric adenocarcinoma underwent subtotal gastrectomy and received neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy; [68Ga]-FAPI PET revealed metastatic processes and unexpected [68Ga]-FAPI avid intramuscular ossifications in the pelvic and bilateral thigh muscles. Even though there was no history of trauma, the patient was diagnosed with myositis ossificans, a condition marked by non-cancerous ectopic ossifications. Diagnosis relies on history, radiology, and/or histology. FAPI imaging, increasingly used for inflammatory and infectious diseases, can exhibit uptake in benign conditions, including those involving bones and joints. This case report is the first to document incidental bilateral [68Ga]-FAPI uptake in bilateral gluteal myositis ossificans. The robust [68Ga]-FAPI activity in myositis ossificans highlights the importance of considering myositis ossificans in the context of soft tissue calcifications with intense [68Ga]-FAPI uptake.

LINC00839 has captured significant attention within a spectrum of human disorders, including acute lung injury, osteoarthritis, and childhood obesity. Notably, aberrant expression patterns of LINC00839 have been observed across diverse cancer tissues and cell lines. LINC00839 emerges as an oncogenic factor in tumorigenesis and exerts a positive influence on tumor-associated behaviors. Its therapeutic potential for various cancers is underscored by its modulatory impact on pivotal signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, OXPHOS, and Wnt/β-catenin. Additionally, LINC00839\'s role in reducing sensitivity to drug and radiotherapy interventions presents opportunities for targeted intervention. Furthermore, elevated LINC00839 expression indicates advanced clinicopathological features and foretells unfavorable prognoses, as validated by publications and comprehensive analyses of tumor types using TCGA datasets. This review elucidates the multiple regulatory mechanisms and functional implications of LINC00839 in various diseases, especially malignancies, emphasizing its potential as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target across multiple disease domains in humans.

CD24 has emerged as a molecule of significant interest beyond the oncological arena. Recent studies have unveiled its surprising and diverse roles in various biological processes and diseases. This review encapsulates the expanding spectrum of CD24 functions, delving into its involvement in immune regulation, cancer immune microenvironment, and its potential as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases and beyond. The \'magic\' of CD24, once solely attributed to cancer, now inspires a new paradigm in understanding its multifunctionality in human health and disease, offering exciting prospects for medical advancements.

UNASSIGNED: Ovarian lesions may present as enlargements of the ovary and may occur at any age. Non-neoplastic enlargements develop almost exclusively during the childbearing years. They may be asymptomatic or, in rare cases, cause acute symptoms due to complications and account for the most prevalent cause of hospital admissions. They frequently form a pelvic mass and potentially mimic an ovarian neoplasm.
UNASSIGNED: To study the frequency and histopathological classification of non-neoplastic ovarian lesions in a tertiary institution in North-western Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective study in which surgical biopsy specimens seen over a 9-year period were reviewed with respect to age and histopathological characteristics.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 83 non-neoplastic lesions were histologically diagnosed during the period under review. They constitute 5.16 % and 40.9 % of both gynaecological and ovarian samples received respectively. Of which 33.7% were Corpus luteum, 13.3% were both Follicular cysts and simple cysts respectively. Luteoma of pregnancy and Infarction constitute 9.6% each respectively. Endometriosis and no pathology as part of TAH, 6.0% respectively. Ovarian ectopic gestation was 4.8% cases, Nonspecific inflammation (oophoritis) 2.4%, and 1.2% complex cyst. Majority of cases 45.8% occurred among women in the third decade and 26.5% in the fourth decade, cases within the fifth decade were 9.6% and the second decade constituted 8.4% cases.
UNASSIGNED: Ovarian non-neoplastic lesions are common in our environment; they potentially mimic ovarian neoplasms thereby posing a diagnostic challenge. Proper classifications are important for appropriate management.

UNASSIGNED: The increasing incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and the inadequacy of routine histologic examination in its diagnosis necessitate the application of ancillary studies like immunohistochemistry. This research aimed to investigate the scoring system and diagnosis of PTC with cytokeratin 19 (CK19), human bone marrow endothelium marker-1 (HBME-1), and galectin-3.
UNASSIGNED: This experimental laboratory study was performed at Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran from April 2017 to March 2019. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissue samples of 100 cases with a diagnosis of PTC were selected by convenience sampling. CK19, HBME-1, and galectin-3 immunohistochemistry markers were used on tissue samples. Analysis was performed using the t test and the chi-square test, as well as the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (significance level P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The CK19 staining was observed in all 100 (100%) non-neoplastic tissues, but HBME-1 and galectin-3 were positive in 36 (36%) and 14 (14%) of non-neoplastic tissues, respectively. The intensity scores of all the markers and their total had significantly different means in PTC and non-neoplastic tissues (P < 0.001). A significant difference was observed between the total score of each marker and the total score of their combination (P < 0.001). The combination of all 3 markers with an 11.5 0 cut-off for the total score showed the most sensitive (0.99) and specific (1.00) results.
UNASSIGNED: Interpreting CK19, HBME-1, and galectin-3 with the aid of the proposed scoring system was fruitful. HBME-1 and galectin-3 can be used individually or in combination for the diagnosis of PTC.

Professional exposure to benzene has been extensively investigated by occupational medicine, leading to strict regulation of exposure threshold values. However, the petrochemical industry utilizes many chemical substances, whose exposure, without effective control and mitigation actions, could influence the health status over time. The aim of this narrative review is to describe health status of petrochemical workers related to occupational exposures, inquiring literature from 1980 to present. We used the PubMed and Web of Science search engines. As regards non-neoplastic diseases, despite heterogeneous prevalence estimates, we could say that standardized mortality rate (SMR) for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes does not increase overall, compared to reference populations; a possible explanation may be the \"healthy worker effect\". Attention should be paid to color disperception and respiratory symptoms, due to toxic or irritating substances exposure. Studies concerning neoplastic pathology have mainly investigated mortality outcomes, finding no increase in cancer, except for melanoma or other skin cancers and leukemia. As regards the former, however, it is not excluded that other risk factors may contribute (e.g. UV rays in offshore workers), while for leukemia, only the most recent studies have analyzed various subtypes of hematopoietic tumors, highlighting a possible risk for the development of myelodysplastic syndrome. The risk of pleural mesothelioma was also increased, likely due to asbestos exposures, while the risk of death from prostate cancer remains controversial.
L’esposizione professionale al benzene è stata ampiamente studiata nell’ambito della medicina occupazionale, portando a una rigida regolamentazione dei valori soglia di esposizione. Tuttavia, l’industria petrolchimica impiega molte sostanze chimiche, la cui esposizione, in assenza di misure di controllo efficaci, pu  influenzare lo stato di salute. Lo scopo di questa revisione narrativa   descrivere lo stato di salute dei lavoratori del settore petrolchimico relativamente alla loro esposizione professionale, revisionando la letteratura dal 1980 ad oggi. Abbiamo utilizzato i motori di ricerca PubMed e Web of Science. Per quanto riguarda le malattie non neoplastiche, nonostante eterogenee stime di prevalenza, si pu  affermare che il tasso di mortalit  standardizzato per ipertensione, ipercolesterolemia e diabete non appare complessivamente aumentato rispetto alle popolazioni di riferimento; una possibile spiegazione potrebbe essere legata all’effetto “lavoratore sano”. Occorre prestare particolare attenzione all’alterata percezione dei colori e ai sintomi respiratori dovuti gluall’esposizione a sostanze tossiche o irritanti. Gli studi relativi alla patologia neoplastica hanno principalmente indagato gli esiti di mortalit , non trovando alcun aumento del rischio, ad eccezione del melanoma o di altri tumori della pelle e della leucemia. Per i primi, tuttavia, non è escluso che possano contribuire altri fattori di rischio (es. raggi UV nei lavoratori delle piattaforme petrolifere), mentre per le leucemie solo gli studi pi  recenti hanno approfondito le analisi relativamente ai diversi sottotipi di tumori ematopoietici, evidenziando un possibile rischio per lo sviluppo di mielodisplasia. Risulta aumentato anche il rischio di mesotelioma pleurico, verosimilmente legato all’esposizione all’amianto, mentre resta controverso il rischio di morte per cancro alla prostata.

Nonneoplastic epithelial cysts involving the central nervous system are diverse and are predominantly developmental in origin. This study represents a surgical series describing the histopathological features of 507 such epithelial cysts with clinical and imaging correlation. Age at surgery ranged from 7 months to 72 years (mean: 33 years) affecting 246 male and 261 female patients. Colloid cyst was the most frequently resected cyst, followed by epidermoid cyst, arachnoid cyst, Rathke cleft cyst, dermoid cyst, neurenteric cyst, Tarlov cyst, and choroid plexus cyst. Diagnosis was based on the location of the cysts and the nature of the lining epithelium. Rathke cleft cyst showed the highest propensity for squamous metaplasia, significant inflammation, and xanthogranulomatous reaction. Ulceration of lining epithelium and calcification were most frequent in dermoid cyst. Radiopathological concordance was maximal for colloid cyst, followed by epidermoid and arachnoid cysts. Epidermoid and dermoid cysts exhibited the highest propensity for local tumor progression, followed by Rathke cleft cyst.

OBJECTIVE: Distinguishing non-neoplastic tumour-mimicking pathologies from bone and soft tissue tumours is one of the fundamental aims of a tertiary centre sarcoma multidisciplinary team (MDT) service. In this study, we aim to analyse the incidence of non-neoplastic lesions referred to a tertiary referral service as suspected sarcoma, and to analyse the spectrum of conditions comprising these tumour-mimicking pathologies.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study compiling the biopsy-proven non-neoplastic outcomes of suspected sarcoma cases referred to our MDT in the last year. We identified all referrals made to our service between 1st January 2020 and 31st December 2020 and compiled their histological diagnoses.
RESULTS: A total of 976 new cases were referred to our MDT as suspected sarcoma in one year. Of these referrals, 8.6% (84/976) received a biopsy-proven outcome of non-neoplastic pathology. These non-neoplastic outcomes were categorised into the following types of pathology: 32.1% vascular, 31.0% inflammatory, 14.3% traumatic, 6.0% degenerative, 6.0% idiopathic, 4.8% infective, 3.6% metabolic, 1.2% autoimmune, and 1.2% genetic.
CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of pathologies referred to a tertiary centre sarcoma MDT are non-neoplastic in nature. These lesions are made up of a range of pathologies, with vascular and inflammatory conditions being the most common. Our study, the first of its kind, offers clinicians an insight into tumour-mimicking pathologies encountered by a tertiary centre.

Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is used to assist brain tumor resection, especially for high-grade gliomas but also for low-grade gliomas, metastasis, and meningiomas. With the increasing use of this technique, even to assist biopsies, high-grade glioma-mimicking lesions had misled diagnosis by showing 5-ALA fluorescence in non-neoplastic lesions such as radiation necrosis and inflammatory or infectious disease. Since only isolated reports have been published, we systematically review papers reporting non-neoplastic lesion cases with 5-ALA according with the PRISMA guidelines, present our series, and discuss its pathophysiology. In total, 245 articles were identified and 12 were extracted according to our inclusion criteria. Analyzing 27 patients, high-grade glioma was postulated as preoperative diagnosis in 48% of the cases. Microsurgical resection was performed in 19 cases (70%), while 8 patients were submitted to biopsy (30%). We found 4 positive cases in demyelinating disease (50%), 4 in brain abscess (80%), 1 in neurocysticercosis (33%), 1 in neurotoxoplasmosis, infarction, and hematoma (100%), 4 in inflammatory disease (80%), and 3 in cortical dysplasia (100%). New indications are being considered especially in benign lesion biopsies with assistance of 5-ALA. Using fluorescence as an aid in biopsies may improve procedure time, number of samples, and necessity of intraoperative pathology. Further studies should include this technology to encourage more beneficial uses.