This study delves into the transformative potential of integrating augmented reality (AR) within imaging technologies, shedding light on this evolving landscape. Through a comprehensive narrative review, this research uncovers a wealth of literature exploring the intersection between AR and medical imaging, highlighting its growing prominence in healthcare. AR\'s integration offers a host of potential opportunities to enhance surgical precision, bolster patient engagement, and customize medical interventions. Moreover, when combined with technologies like virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics, AR opens up new avenues for innovation in clinical practice, education, and training. However, amidst these promising prospects lie numerous unanswered questions and areas ripe for exploration. This study emphasizes the need for rigorous research to elucidate the clinical efficacy of AR-integrated interventions, optimize surgical workflows, and address technological challenges. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, sustained research efforts are crucial to fully realizing AR\'s transformative impact in medical imaging. Systematic reviews on AR in healthcare also overlook regulatory and developmental factors, particularly in regard to medical devices. These include compliance with standards, safety regulations, risk management, clinical validation, and developmental processes. Addressing these aspects will provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in integrating AR into clinical settings, informing stakeholders about crucial regulatory and developmental considerations for successful implementation. Moreover, navigating the regulatory approval process requires substantial financial resources and expertise, presenting barriers to entry for smaller innovators. Collaboration across disciplines and concerted efforts to overcome barriers will be essential in navigating this frontier and harnessing the potential of AR to revolutionize healthcare delivery.

Background: Augmented reality enables the wearer to see both their physical environment and virtual objects. Holograms could allow 3D video of providers to be transmitted to distant sites, allowing patients to interact with virtual providers as if they are in the same physical space. Our aim was to determine if Tele-Stroke augmented with Holo-Stroke, compared with Tele-Stroke alone, could improve satisfaction and perception of immersion for the patient. Methods: Kinect cameras positioned at 90-degree intervals around the hub practitioner were used. Cameras streamed real-time optical video to a unity point-cloud program where the data were stitched together in a 360-degree view. The resultant hologram was positioned in 3D space and was visible through the head-mounted display by the patient. Radiology images were shared in Tele-Stroke and via hologram. Likert satisfaction questions were administered. Wilcoxon signed-rank testing was used. Results: Each of the 30 neurology clinic participants scored both Tele-Stroke and Holo-Stroke. Out of these, 29 patients completed the assessments (1 failure owing to computer reboot). Average age was 52 years, with 53.3% of the patients being female, 70.0% being White, and 13.3% being Hispanic. Likert scale score median \"Overall\" was 32 Tele-Stroke versus 48 Holo-Stroke (p < 0.00001), \"Immersion\" was 5 versus 10 (p < 0.00001), \"Beneficial Technique\" was 6 versus 10 (p < 0.00001), and \"Ability to See Images\" was 5 versus 10 (p < 0.00001). Discussion: Holo-Stroke 3D holographic Tele-Stroke exams resulted in feasibility, satisfaction, and high perception of immersion for the patient. Patients were enthusiastic for the more immersive, personal discussion with their provider and a robust way to experience radiology images. Though further assessments are needed, Holo-Stroke can help the provider \"be there, not just see there!\"

BACKGROUND: Catheter shaping is vital in cerebral aneurysm coil embolization; however, understanding three-dimensional (3D) vascular structures on two-dimensional screens is challenging. Although 3D-printed vascular models are helpful, they demand time, effort, and sterility. This study explores whether mixed-reality (MR) devices displaying 3D computer graphics (3D-CG) can address these issues.
METHODS: This study focused on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of seven cases of cerebral aneurysms. Head-mounted display (HMD) and spatial reality display (SRD) MR devices were used, and applications for 3D-CG display at a 1:1 scale and a 3D-CG control panel were developed. Catheters shaped using a 3D printer, HMD, and SRD were inserted into hollow models to assess their accessibility and positioning.
RESULTS: The concordance rate of the 3D printer and HMD groups in terms of accessibility to the aneurysm was 71.4 %, while that of the 3D printer and SRD group was 85.7 %, and that of the HMD and SRD group was 85.7 %. The concordance rates of positioning in the 3D printer and HMD groups, 3D printer and SRD groups, and HMD and SRD groups were 85.7 %, 85.7 %, and 100 %, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: MR devices facilitate catheter shaping in cerebral aneurysm coil embolization and offer a time-efficient, precise, and sterile alternative to traditional 3D printing methods.

By blurring the boundaries between digital and physical realities, Augmented Reality (AR) is transforming consumers\' perceptions of themselves and their environments. This review demonstrates AR\'s capacity to influence psychology and behavior in profound ways. We begin by providing a concise introduction to AR, considering its technical, practical, and theoretical properties. Next, we showcase a multi-disciplinary set of recent studies that explore AR\'s impact on psychological processes and behavioral outcomes. We conclude by offering a selection of potential future research directions designed to deepen our understanding of the psychological and behavioral implications of AR experiences.

This report summarises the SMARTCLAP research project, which employs a user-centred design approach to develop a revolutionary smart product service system. The system offers personalised motivation to encourage children with cerebral palsy to actively participate more during their occupational therapy sessions, while providing paediatric occupational therapists with an optimal tool to monitor children\'s progress from one session to another. The product service system developed includes of a smart wearable device called DigiClap used to interact with a serious game in an Augmented Reality environment. The report highlights the research methodology used to advance the technology readiness level from 4 to 6, acknowledging the contribution of the consortium team and funding source. As part of the technology\'s maturity process, DigiClap and the respective serious game were evaluated with target users, to identify the system\'s impact in supporting the children\'s overall participation and hand function, and to gather feedback from occupational therapists and caregivers on this novel technology. The outcomes of this study are discussed, highlighting limitations and lessons learned. The report also outlines future work and further funding for the sustainability of the project and to reach other individuals who have upper limb limitations. Ultimately, the potential of DigiClap and the overall achievements of this project are discussed.

The integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) into the telerehabilitation initiates a major change in the healthcare practice particularly in neurological and also orthopedic rehabilitation. This essay reflects the potential of the VR and AR in their capacity to create immersive, interactive environments that facilitate the recovery. The recent developments have illustrated the ability to enhance the patient engagement and outcomes, especially in tackling the complex motor and cognitive rehabilitation needs. The combination of artificial intelligence (AI) with VR and AR will bring the rehabilitation to the next level by enabling adaptive and responsive treatment programs provided through real-time feedback and predictive analytics. Nevertheless, the issues such as availability, cost, and digital gap among many others present huge obstacles to the mass adoption. This essay provides a very thorough review of the existing level of virtual reality and augmented reality in rehabilitation and examines the many potential gains, drawbacks, and future directions from a different perspective.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are emerging technologies that can be used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Compared to traditional face-to-face training, VR/AR-based training has the potential to reach a wider audience, but there is debate regarding its effectiveness in improving CPR quality. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of VR/AR training compared with face-to-face training.
METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases from the inception of these databases up until December 1, 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing VR- and AR-based CPR training to traditional face-to-face training. Cochrane\'s tool for assessing bias in RCTs was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. We pooled the data using a random-effects model with Review Manager 5.4, and assessed publication bias with Stata 11.0.
RESULTS: Nine RCTs (involving 855 participants) were included, of which three were of low risk of bias. Meta-analyses showed no significant differences between VR/AR-based CPR training and face-to-face CPR training in terms of chest compression depth (mean difference [MD], -0.66 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -6.34 to 5.02 mm; P = 0.82), chest compression rate (MD, 3.60 compressions per minute; 95% CI, -1.21 to 8.41 compressions per minute; P = 0.14), overall CPR performance score (standardized mean difference, -0.05; 95% CI, -0.93 to 0.83; P = 0.91), as well as the proportion of participants meeting CPR depth criteria (risk ratio [RR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.18; P = 0.26) and rate criteria (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.35; P = 0.93). The Egger regression test showed no evidence of publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed evidence that VR/AR-based training was as effective as traditional face-to-face CPR training. Nevertheless, there was substantial heterogeneity among the included studies, which reduced confidence in the findings. Future studies need to establish standardized VR/AR-based CPR training protocols, evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this approach, and assess its impact on actual CPR performance in real-life scenarios and patient outcomes.
BACKGROUND: CRD42023482286.

暂无摘要。

Objective  The aim of this work was the development of an augmented reality system including the functionality of conventional surgical navigation systems. Methods  An application software for the Augmented Reality System HoloLens 2 from Microsoft was developed. It detects the position of the patient as well as position of surgical instruments in real time and displays it within the two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography (CT) images. The surgical pointer instrument, including a pattern that is recognized by the HoloLens 2 sensors, was created with three-dimensional (3D) printing. The technical concept was demonstrated at a cadaver skull to identify anatomical landmarks. Results  With the help of the HoloLens 2 and its sensors, the real-time position of the surgical pointer instrument could be shown. The position of the 3D-printed pointer with colored pattern could be recognized within 2D-CT images when stationary and in motion at a cadaver skull. Feasibility could be demonstrated for the clinical application of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Conclusion  The HoloLens 2 has a high potential for use as a surgical navigation system. With subsequent studies, a further accuracy evaluation will be performed receiving valid data for comparison with conventional surgical navigation systems. In addition to transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, it could be also applied for other surgical disciplines.

In total hip arthroplasty (THA), determining the center of rotation (COR) and diameter of the hip joint (acetabulum and femoral head) is essential to restore patient biomechanics. This study investigates on-the-fly determination of hip COR and size, using off-the-shelf augmented reality (AR) hardware. An AR head-mounted device (HMD) was configured with inside-out infrared tracking enabling the determination of surface coordinates using a handheld stylus. Two investigators examined 10 prosthetic femoral heads and cups, and 10 human femurs. The HMD calculated the diameter and COR through sphere fitting. Results were compared to data obtained from either verified prosthetic geometry or post-hoc CT analysis. Repeated single-observer measurements showed a mean diameter error of 0.63 mm ± 0.48 mm for the prosthetic heads and 0.54 mm ± 0.39 mm for the cups. Inter-observer comparison yielded mean diameter errors of 0.28 mm ± 0.71 mm and 1.82 mm ± 1.42 mm for the heads and cups, respectively. Cadaver testing found a mean COR error of 3.09 mm ± 1.18 mm and a diameter error of 1.10 mm ± 0.90 mm. Intra- and inter-observer reliability averaged below 2 mm. AR-based surface mapping using HMD proved accurate and reliable in determining the diameter of THA components with promise in identifying COR and diameter of osteoarthritic femoral heads.