UNASSIGNED: Resin infiltration is a technique in which a low-viscosity resin penetrates the proximal carious lesions and stops caries progression.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to compare the progression of proximal enamel caries of primary molars following the application of resin infiltrant clinically and radiographically vs Tooth Mousse.
UNASSIGNED: This case-control split-mouth study evaluated 64 proximal surfaces of primary molars in 32 patients. Each patient had one pair of noncavitated proximal caries in two primary molars from different quadrants with radiographic evidence of enamel involvement. The carious lesions in each patient were randomly treated with resin infiltrant and Tooth Mousse. Progression of carious lesions was evaluated clinically and radiographically after 12 months. The two groups were compared by Fisher\'s exact test.
UNASSIGNED: No caries progression was noted in the resin infiltrant group at 12 months, and all 32 surfaces (100%) showed cessation of caries. Four surfaces (12.5%) in the Tooth Mousse group showed caries progression. The two groups were not significantly different in this regard (p = 0.242).
UNASSIGNED: Resin infiltrant and Tooth Mousse were both effective in stopping the progression of proximal enamel caries of primary molars.
UNASSIGNED: Baniebrahim G, Seraj B, Ghonche Z, et al. Clinical and Radiographic Progression of Proximal Enamel Caries of Primary Molars Following the Application of Resin Infiltrant vs Tooth Mousse. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):385-389.

OBJECTIVE: Although a series of studies on OXIS contacts have been performed, studies regarding changes in OXIS contacts over time are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the change in contact type between primary molars after 3 years in children aged 3-7 years.
METHODS: This longitudinal study was conducted using 2922 sectional die models of 926 children. At baseline (T0), the contact type between the primary molars was scored using replication via the sectional die model method according to the OXIS criteria. After 3 years, the sectional die models of the same children were scored using the same criteria (T1).
RESULTS: McNemar\'s tests revealed a significant change in contacts from baseline to 3 years. The post hoc test explained specific changes in the contacts that were observed to be significant. These were O to X (p < 0.001), O to I (p < 0.001), O to S (p = 0.035), and I to X (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: A significant change in OXIS contact over time was observed. The O-type contact underwent the maximum change. The least and most stable contacts are the \"O\" and \"I\" types, respectively. This change in contact type with age may alter the risk of caries in children.

Articular cartilage damage still remains a major problem in orthopedical surgery. The development of tissue engineering techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising way to improve clinical outcomes. On the other hand, the clinical application of autologous chondrocytes has considerable limitations. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from various tissues have been shown to possess chondrogenic differentiation potential, although to different degrees. In the present study, we assessed the alterations in chondrogenesis-related gene transcription rates and extracellular matrix deposition levels before and after the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in a 3D spheroid culture. MSCs were obtained from three different tissues: umbilical cord Wharton\'s jelly (WJMSC-Wharton\'s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells), adipose tissue (ATMSC-adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells), and the dental pulp of deciduous teeth (SHEDs-stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth). Monolayer MSC cultures served as baseline controls. Newly formed 3D spheroids composed of MSCs previously grown in 2D cultures were precultured for 2 days in growth medium, and then, chondrogenic differentiation was induced by maintaining them in the TGF-β1-containing medium for 21 days. Among the MSC types studied, WJMSCs showed the most similarities with primary chondrocytes in terms of the upregulation of cartilage-specific gene expression. Interestingly, such upregulation occurred to some extent in all 3D spheroids, even prior to the addition of TGF-β1. These results confirm that the potential of Wharton\'s jelly is on par with adipose tissue as a valuable cell source for cartilage engineering applications as well as for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The 3D spheroid environment on its own acts as a trigger for the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs.

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of Endoflas and Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) as root canal filling materials (RCFMs) for the pulpectomy of deciduous teeth by analyzing multiple clinical and radiographic success and failure follow-ups in previously published studies.
UNASSIGNED: All clinical studies that investigated the pulpectomy of the deciduous teeth of children aged 3-9 years.
UNASSIGNED: The databases used for source identification included MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. No limitations were imposed on the publication year or language. The selection of studies and extraction of relevant study characteristics were conducted from December 26, 2021, to September 7, 2023. Additionally, the risk of bias (RoB) in the included studies was evaluated by using a RoB instrument (RoB 2). Eligible studies were then combined, and a random-effects model was applied by using the maximum likelihood estimations of log risk ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 3913 records found in the abovementioned databases, nine were eligible for systematic review and eight were eligible for meta-analysis. The studies included 628 pulpectomies of deciduous molar teeth in children. The overall results showed that compared with Endoflas, ZOE was associated with a higher risk ratio for clinical evaluation (LOG[RR] = 0.06, CI 0.03-0.09, p-value 0.001) and radiographic evaluation (LOG[RR] = 0.68, CI 0.35-1.00, p-value 0.001). This association was highly significant at 6- and 9-month follow-ups.
UNASSIGNED: Compared with ZOE, Endoflas was associated with a lower risk of the clinical and radiographic failure of deciduous teeth pulpectomy and a 6%-6.8% higher risk ratio, especially at 6- and 9-month follow-ups.
UNASSIGNED: This study suggests the superiority of Endoflas over ZOE as an RCFM for deciduous teeth.

OBJECTIVE: This paper investigates whether deciduous upper molars and lower canines have sexual dimorphic features, exploring these teeth\' dimensions and the presence of Zuckerkandl\'s tubercle and Carabelli\'s cusp on the first and second upper molars.
METHODS: We analyzed 64 pairs of dental plaster casts from 34 females and 30 males aged between 3 and 12 years. We measured the first and second deciduous upper molars and the lower deciduous canines (maximum mesiodistal and buccolingual length), and we registered the presence of the Zuckerkandl\'s tubercle and the Carabelli\'s cusp on the first and second upper molars, respectively.
RESULTS: Regarding the differentiation between sexes using Carabelli\'s cusp and Zuckerkandl\'s tubercle, the classification was not independent of Carabelli\'s cusp presence only for tooth 65 (p = 0.035). In all other teeth, whether for Carabelli\'s cusp or Zuckerkandl\'s tubercle, their presence was similar for both sexes. There were statistically significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05) for the buccolingual measurements of both upper second molars, the first right upper molar, and the right canine. The developed model allowed for a 64.1% accuracy in sex estimation.
CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that while Carabelli\'s cusp and Zuckerkandl\'s tubercle in upper deciduous molars don\'t consistently differ between sexes, tooth size, particularly the buccolingual measurements of certain teeth, including upper deciduous molars and lower canines, may provide a more reliable criterion for sex estimation. The developed model depicted moderate accuracy, underscoring the need for a multifactorial approach when estimating sex from skeletal remains. It suggests that while dental features can contribute to sex estimation, they should be used in conjunction with other skeletal or molecular markers to improve accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Sparse research exists on predictors of element concentrations measured in deciduous teeth.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate associations between maternal/child characteristics, elements measured in home tap water during pregnancy and element concentrations in the dentin of shed deciduous teeth.
METHODS: Our analysis included 152 pregnant person-infant dyads followed from the second trimester through the end of the first postnatal year from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. During pregnancy and early infancy, we collected dietary and sociodemographic information via surveys, measured elements in home tap water, and later collected naturally exfoliated teeth from child participants. We measured longitudinal deposition of elements in dentin using LA-ICP-MS. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to estimate associations between predictors and dentin element concentrations.
RESULTS: We measured 12 elements in dentin including those previously reported (Ba, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn) and less frequently reported (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Li, and W). A doubling of Pb or Sr concentrations in water was associated with higher dentin Pb or Sr respectively in prenatally formed [9% (95%CI: 3%, 15%); 3% (1%, 6%)] and postnatally formed [10% (2%, 19%); 6% (2%, 10%)] dentin. Formula feeding from birth to 6 weeks or 6 weeks to 4 months was associated with higher element concentrations in postnatal dentin within the given time period as compared to exclusive human milk feeding: Sr: 6 weeks: 61% (36%, 90%) and 4 months: 85% (54%, 121%); Ba: 6 weeks: 35% (3.3%, 77%) and 4 months: 42% (10%, 83%); and Li: 6 weeks: 61% (33%, 95%) and 4 months: 58% (31%, 90%).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer insights into predictors of dentin elements and potential confounders in exposure-health outcome relationships during critical developmental periods.

OBJECTIVE: Naturally exfoliated primary teeth are being increasingly collected in child development studies. Most of these odontological collections and tooth biobanks use parent-reported information from questionnaires or tooth checklists to collect data on offspring teeth. To the best of the authors\' knowledge, no studies have assessed parental engagement in tooth checklists, nor parental accuracy in identifying their child\'s baby tooth. This study aimed to evaluate these dimensions by analysing data from the about this tooth checklist returned with donated primary teeth in a natural experimental study called STRONG (the Stories Teeth Record of Newborn Growth).
METHODS: Parental self-reported information were analysed on checklists returned with 825 primary teeth belonging to 199 children. The percentage of blank answers was calculated for each question. The accuracy of parents-reported tooth identification was evaluated by comparing parental ratings to researchers\' ratings. Reliability of researchers\' tooth identification was first evaluated by calculating intra-observer and inter-observer agreements, as well as Cohen\'s Kappa values. The percentage of accuracy of parents\' tooth identification (relative to researcher\'s) was then calculated, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate if time elapsed between when exfoliation occurred and the checklist was completed associated with parental accuracy in tooth identification.
RESULTS: Parents returned 98.4% of the checklists and completed 74.9% to 97.7% of the questions. Excellent reliability was demonstrated for researchers\' intra- and inter-rater tooth identification (agreement percentages >90%; Cohen\'s Kappa values >.83). Moderate accuracy of parents-reported tooth identifications was found, with parents correctly identifying 49.5% of the donated tooth. Better parental accuracies were highlighted for partial identifications (87.1% of correct jaw, 75.6% of correct tooth type, and 65.8% of correct lateralization). Logistic regressions showed the odds of correct parental identifications decreased on average by 1.8% every 30 days of distance between tooth exfoliation and checklist completion.
CONCLUSIONS: While parental engagement is high, parents-reported tooth identifications have moderate accuracy, which decreases over time. High accuracy is however found for partial identifications. Parent-reported information on the accompanying questionnaire of naturally exfoliated primary teeth collection or tooth biobanks, even when filled in a long time after exfoliation took place, should be encouraged. However, expert identifications of teeth should remain best practice.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in language, communication, and social function with an estimated prevalence rate of between 1 in 30 and 44 U.S. births. Gene/environment (G × E) interactions are widely regarded as the most probable explanation for idiopathic ASD, especially because some genes are selectively targeted by various environmental xenobiotics. Because deciduous teeth are a likely biomarker of in utero exposure, the present study investigated if the quantity of chemicals found in deciduous teeth differs between children with and without ASD. Twenty-two deciduous teeth from children with ASD and 20 teeth from typically developed children were prepared and analyzed using THE Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (GC × GC-TOF MS) with ChromaTOF version 23H2 software and Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph. The autism sample had significantly more chemicals in their teeth than the typical developing sample (99.4 vs. 80.7, respectively) (p < 0.0001). The majority of chemicals were identified as phthalates, plasticizers, pesticides, preservatives, or intermediary solvents used in the production of fragranced personal care or cleaning products or flavoring agents in foods. The known toxic analytes reported in this study are likely biomarkers of developmental exposure. Why there were greater concentrations of toxic chemicals in the teeth that came from children with ASD is unclear. A further understanding of the cavalcade of multiple biological system interactions (Interactome) could help with future efforts to reduce risks. Notwithstanding, the avoidance of pesticides, plastics, and scented personal care products may be warranted under the precautionary principle rule.

Dental caries in children is a frequent and debilitating condition, whose management is often challenging. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of ozone applications for the treatment of caries in primary dentition. According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed up to 6 January 2024. Clinical studies using ozone to treat caries of deciduous teeth were considered for inclusion. Out of the 215 records retrieved, seven studies were eventually included in the review, all of which used gaseous ozone. Four studies were judged at high risk of bias, two at low risk, and one of some concerns. The great heterogeneity of designs, outcomes, and protocols made it impossible to conduct a meta-analysis. Despite some limitations, the evidence yielded by the included studies suggests that ozone application, regardless of the protocol applied, is comparable to other interventions in terms of clinical outcomes and anti-bacterial activity, with no reported adverse effects and good patient acceptance. Therefore, ozone application may be a non-invasive approach to treat caries in primary dentition, especially in very young and poorly cooperative patients. Further standardized and rigorous studies are, however, needed to identify the best clinical protocols for this specific field.