Bladder duplication (BD) is a rare malformation that is often associated to other anomalies. We report a newborn diagnosed with BD in the sagittal plane, associated to persistent urogenital sinus (UGS), given the opening of the vagina immediately below the bladder neck. It is the fourth time this association is reported. Surgical repair was made: both bladders were joined, the common channel was left as urethra and the vagina was descended with a vaginoplasty with an intestinal segment. She also presented an anterior anus, that required posterior mobilization. The patient is currently 3 years old with good sphincter control.

Bladder duplication and congenital bladder diverticulum are rare anomalies. We described two boys with rare bladder anomalies found on prenatal ultrasounds. Postnatal investigations and surgical findings confirmed these bladder anomalies. The malformation was associated with other system anomalies. This report of pre- and postnatal imaging with surgical correlation contributes to our understanding about these rare bladder anomalies.

The bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias complex (BEEC) contains a wide spectrum of congenital malformations. A treatment naïve refugee was referred to our center with what was identified as BEEC.
A 27-year-old female patient was referred for total incontinence since birth by the general practitioner from the refugee center. An exstrophic bladder with blind ending ureteral orifices and a second non-exstrophic bladder with two orthotopic ureters was identified, demonstrating the bladder duplication in the sagittal plane. Laparotomy was performed, dissecting the exstrophic bladder plate caudally and using it as a ventral onlay to augment the non-exstrophic bladder. A Mitchell-type bladder neck reconstruction was performed with an autologous fascia sling around the bladder neck to obtain continence. As the patient had never voluntarily voided, chances of spontaneous voiding after surgery were low. Therefore creation of a continent Mitrofanoff-type vesicostomy was additionally realized and genital reconstruction was achieved.
12 months post operatively, the patient was completely continent, had a bladder capacity of 250 ml, and performed self-catheterization 5 times a day. No post-operative complications were observed.
Admission of political refugees can implicate challenging surgeries for congenital malformations in adults, such as BEEC. This demonstrates the importance of multidisciplinary transitional care.

UNASSIGNED: Exstrophy variants are well described urologic anomalies. They are characterized by atypical anatomical and physical findings than those found in patients with classic bladder exstrophy and epispadias malformation. The combination of these anomalies with duplicated phallus is a rare occurrence. Here we present a neonate with a rare form of exstrophy variant associated with penile duplication.
UNASSIGNED: One day old male neonate who was born at term was admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit. He had lower abdominal wall defect and open bladder plate with no visible ureteric orifices. There were two completely separate phalluses with penopubic epispadias and urethral orifices draining urine. Both testes were descended. Abdominopelvic ultrasound showed normal upper urinary tract. He was prepared and operated with intra operative finding of complete bladder duplication in the sagittal plane and each bladder has its own ureter. The open bladder plate which had no connection with both ureters and urethras was excised. The pubic symphysis was approximated without osteotomy and abdominal wall was closed. He was immobilized with mummy wrap. He had uneventful post-operative course and was discharged on the 7th post-operative day. He was evaluated on the 3rd month post operatively and he was thriving well with no complications.
UNASSIGNED: The occurrence of a triplicated bladder along with diphallia is an exceptionally rare urologic anomaly. As a number of variations are possible in this spectrum, the management of neonates with this anomaly should be individualized.

Bladder duplication is an extremely rare congenital anomaly of the urinary system that is more frequent in boys; the literature is limited to case reports and case series. We describe two cases of bladder duplication in two infant girls with an uncommon variant of complete sagittal septum not included in the Abrahamson classification. The diagnosis was made using magnetic resonance urography, combining excellent anatomical information and static and dynamic evaluation of the urinary tract. The diagnostic information provided by MR-urography was confirmed on surgical exploration. These cases provide an opportunity for paediatric radiologists and urologists to learn more about bladder duplication and improve their diagnosis of this rare condition.

OBJECTIVE: Robinow syndrome is a very rare syndrome characterized by short stature, extremity deformities, costovertebral abnormalities, renal/external genital malformations, and fetal facial appearance. It might be inherited by either autosomal dominant or severe recessive form. Diagnosis is generally established by the aid of genetic mutation and phenotypic findings. The urogenital component of the disease frequently presents with microgenitalia such as micropenis and/or cryptorchidism.
METHODS: Herein, a four-year-old boy with Robinow syndrome accompanied by incomplete bladder duplication is discussed.
RESULTS: The duplication in the bladder was screened by cystoscopy and corrective surgery was performed.
CONCLUSIONS: This rare manifestation is the first for urological findings of Robinow syndrome in literature.

The Exstrophy - Epispadias Complex (EEC) is a spectrum of rare congenital malformations involving the urinary, genital and musculoskeletal systems. We present an atypical or variant case of EEC in which a bladder plate is found involving a small omphalocele, separated pubic bones and bladder and urethral duplication. The treatment had a favorable outcome, with bladder control and the child voiding normally. Perhaps the best accepted embryonic theory to explain exstrophy and its variants should be reviewed as it fails to satisfactorily explain the alterations we found.

In a male neonate with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, the most common surgical diagnosis is posterior urethral valves. This case report describes a male infant with the same presentation, but caused by a very uncommon congenital anomaly. The summation of different imaging modalities allowed a multidisciplinary team of colleagues to define the anatomy: bilateral duplex kidneys draining into separate urinary bladders. Only one of the bladders had an outlet, hence the obstructive uropathy to the right kidney led to total loss of function. The distended tortuous ureters produced a mass effect at presentation. This case acts as a reminder that complex congenital anomalies can mimic the presentation of more common conditions, and that they often require input from various specialists to diagnose the condition and guide its management.

Bladder duplication is an extremely rare congenital urinary tract malformation that is often discovered incidentally. Here, we report a case of incomplete bladder duplication diagnosed by SPECT/CT in a 65-y-old man with lung cancer. Compared with the results of whole-body planar bone scintigraphy, this SPECT/CT finding caused the diagnosis to be revised in this patient with suspected bone metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of incomplete bladder duplication discovered by SPECT/CT.

Complete diphallia, a rare urogenital congenital anomaly in which a male is born with two fully formed phalluses, occurs in one out of every five to six million live births. The condition is characterized by two separate phalluses, each of which comprise a pair of corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum with an orthotopic urethra. Approximately 100 cases have been reported worldwide, and it is thought that each case is unique. This article discusses diphallia, urethral duplication, and bladder duplication and concludes with a case study involving a three-year-old male born to consanguineous parents from a small, remote community in Ecuador who underwent surgery for correction of a complete coronal penile and bladder duplication. After consultation, the patient was scheduled for a right penectomy and cystoplasty.