Babesia gibsoni

gibsoni 巴贝斯虫
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    人类或动物巴贝斯虫病的治疗策略已经建立并使用了很多年。随着耐药指征的上升和不良副作用,迫切需要找到有效的替代疗法。Sitamaquine(SQ)是一种8-氨基喹啉,最初是作为导致伯氨喹的协作抗疟疾计划的一部分合成的。在这项研究中,我们评估了SQ对巴贝虫的抑制作用。在体外和体内。体外培养的巴贝斯虫的半最大抑制浓度(IC50)为8.04±1.34μM。SQ治疗后,吉贝斯虫寄生虫表现出退行性形态变化。在感染了B.microti和抗atovaquone(ATV)的B.microti菌株的BALB/c小鼠中评估了SQ的体内生长抑制作用。以20mg/kg的剂量口服SQ显著抑制B.microti和ATV抗性B.microti的生长。同时,SQ还显示了对B.rodhaini生长的抑制作用,一种致命的啮齿动物巴贝虫。用SQ处理的所有感染了B.rodhaini的小鼠均存活,而对照组的小鼠死于这种疾病。这项研究中获得的结果表明,SQ对巴贝虫具有有效的抑制作用。,支持SQ作为巴贝斯虫病治疗的潜在替代候选药物。
    The treatment strategies for either human or animal babesiosis have been established and used for many years. With the rising indications of drug resistance and adverse side effects, finding effective and alternative therapies is urgently needed. Sitamaquine (SQ) is an 8-aminoquinoline that was first synthesized as a part of the collaborative anti-malarial program that led to primaquine. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of SQ on Babesia spp. in vitro and in vivo. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on in vitro cultured Babesia gibsoni was 8.04 ± 1.34 μM. Babesia gibsoni parasites showed degenerative morphological changes following SQ treatment. The in vivo growth inhibitory effects of SQ were evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with B. microti and atovaquone (ATV)-resistant B. microti strain. Oral administration of SQ at a dose of 20 mg/kg significantly inhibited the growth of B. microti and ATV-resistant B. microti. Meanwhile, SQ also showed inhibitory effects on the growth of B. rodhaini, a lethal rodent Babesia species. All mice infected with B. rodhaini treated with SQ survived, whereas the mice in the control group succumbed to the disease. The results obtained in this study indicate that SQ has potent inhibition effects against Babesia spp., which support SQ as a prospective alternative candidate for babesiosis treatment.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本研究旨在使用qPCR定量评估狗的寄生虫血症水平。选择用于本研究的狗被血液原生动物寄生虫gibsoni巴贝斯虫感染。在研究中,被诊断为巴贝西虫病的狗被分为两组(n=12),并接受不同的治疗策略。第一组接受克林霉素-甲硝唑-多西环素(CMD)治疗,而第二组采用布帕伐喹-阿奇霉素(BPV-AZM)联合治疗。使用基于绝对定量的qPCR方法确定感染的狗中的寄生虫血症水平。该评估在开始治疗之前和开始治疗方案之后的第10天进行。在开始治疗后的第十天,与BPV-AZM组相比,CMD组的寄生虫血症水平较低.在CMD治疗组中,平均寄生虫血症从4.9E+06降至3.4E+06,表明寄生虫负荷减少。相反,在BPV-AZM治疗组中,平均寄生虫血症从1.62E+06增加到2.87E+06,表明寄生虫负荷增加。在第十天,CMD治疗组显示出寄生虫血症水平的统计学显着下降,P值≤0.001。这表明在CMD处理之后寄生负载的强烈和显著降低。因此,基于绝对定量的qPCR方法可以通过测量寄生虫血症水平有效评估初始治疗反应.
    The present investigation aimed to quantitatively assess the level of parasitemia in dogs using qPCR.The dogs selected for this study were infected with the haemoprotozoan parasite Babesia gibsoni. In the study, dogs diagnosed with babesiosis were divided into two groups (n = 12) and subjected to distinct treatment strategies. The first group received clindamycin-metronidazole-doxycycline (CMD) therapy, while the second group was treated with a combination of buparvaquone-azithromycin (BPV-AZM). The level of parasitemia in the infected dogs was determined using an absolute quantification-based qPCR method. This assessment was conducted both prior to initiating the treatment and on the 10th day following the commencement of the treatment protocols. On the tenth day after the initiation of treatment, the CMD group exhibited a lower level of parasitemia in comparison to the BPV-AZM group. In the CMD treated groups, the mean parasitemia decreased from 4.9E + 06 to 3.4E + 06, indicating a reduction in parasitic load. Conversely, in the BPV-AZM treatment groups, the mean parasitemia increased from 1.62E + 06 to 2.87E + 06, suggesting an increase in parasitic load. On the 10th day, the CMD-treated group demonstrated a statistically significant decline in the level of parasitemia, with a P-value of ≤0.001. This indicates a strong and significant reduction in parasitic load following the CMD treatment. Therefore, the absolute quantification-based qPCR method could effectively assess the initial treatment response by measuring the level of parasitemia.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    gibsoni巴贝斯虫是一种通过蜱叮咬传播的寄生原生动物,可以在狗中引起严重的疾病。它也可以通过在斗狗时直接接触受感染的血液传播,输血,在围产期从大坝到后代,导致死产或死亡的新生小狗。本研究旨在确定感染的发生率,新生小狗的生存能力,以及在怀孕和哺乳期间从感染的大坝传播给后代的吉布索尼杆菌的程度。使用基于PCR的分子方法,证实了怀孕的美国PitBullTerrier和她的新生幼犬中的B.gibsoni感染。产仔数中吉布索尼杆菌感染的发生率达到75%。八只小狗中,六个人感染了B.Gibsoni,一个人死了.包含Malarone®的治疗方案,阿奇霉素,青蒿琥酯给一个哺乳期的吉布索尼阳性母犬服用。出生后77天,五只阳性幼犬中有三只对吉布索尼杆菌的PCR检测呈阴性,表明在护理期间通过母乳成功治疗。在剩下的两只阳性小狗中,开始治疗,成功消除了寄生虫血症.
    Babesia gibsoni is a parasitic protozoan transmitted through tick bites and can cause severe disease in dogs. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood during dog fights, blood transfusions, and from dam to offspring during the perinatal period, resulting in stillborn or dead newborn puppies. This study aimed to determine the incidence of infection, the viability of newborn puppies, and the degree of B. gibsoni transmission from infected dam to offspring during pregnancy and lactation. Using PCR-based molecular methods, B. gibsoni infection in a pregnant American Pit Bull Terrier and her newborn puppies was confirmed. The incidence of B. gibsoni infection in the litter reached 75%. Out of eight puppies, six were infected with B. gibsoni, and one died. A therapeutic protocol comprising Malarone®, azithromycin, and artesunate was administered to a lactating B. gibsoni-positive bitch. By day 77 after birth, three out of five positive puppies showed negative PCR tests for B. gibsoni, indicating successful treatment through breast milk during nursing. In the two remaining positive puppies, therapy was started and parasitemia was successfully eliminated.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    保存在ArignarAnna动物园的15只圈养的印度狼(Canis狼疮palipes)的血液样本,Vandalur,对钦奈进行了巴贝虫属的筛查。,通过PCR检测犬埃里希菌和伊凡氏胰蛋白酶的DNA。在15个狼样本中,发现3个样品的巴贝虫属阳性。对3只狼扩增的18SrRNA基因片段进行测序,并确认为gibsoni巴贝斯虫。使用这三个序列以及其他Babesiaspp构建了最大似然树。来自GenBank的序列采用基于贝叶斯信息准则的HKY核苷酸取代模型。系统发育分析证实,这三个序列均为gibsoni巴贝斯虫,与犬巴贝斯虫高度不同,B.vogeli和B.vulpes。这可能是B.gibsoni通过喂血狗蜱从社区狗身上溢出的事件。这是圈养的印度狼中B.gibsoni感染的第一份报告和分子确认。
    Blood samples from fifteen captive Indian wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) maintained at Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur, Chennai were screened for the presence of Babesia spp., Ehrlichia canis and Trypnosoma evansi DNA by PCR. Out of 15 wolf samples, 3 samples were found positive for Babesia spp. The amplified 18S rRNA gene fragments from 3 wolves were sequenced and confirmed as Babesia gibsoni. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed using the three sequences along with other Babesia spp. sequences derived from GenBank adopting HKY nucleotide substitution model based on the Bayesian Information Criterion. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the three sequences were of Babesia gibsoni and highly divergent from Babesia canis, B. vogeli and B. vulpes. This might be a possible spill over event of B. gibsoni from community dogs through blood feeding dog ticks. This is the first report and molecular confirmation of B. gibsoni infection in captive Indian wolves.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    孟加拉国犬蜱传病原体(TBP)的分子监测一直被低估。因此,新病原体的出现往往未被发现。这项研究旨在筛选达卡都会区(DMA)的流浪狗和蜱中的蜱传播病原体。从2022年9月至2023年1月,在DMA的六个城市地区收集了85个狗血和53个蜱。通过形态学鉴定蜱。通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行TBP的筛选,其次是测序。进行PCR测定以分析18SrRNA(Babesiagibsoni,B.Vogeli,和肝虫犬),16SrRNA(吞噬细胞无性体,A.Platys,和A.bovis),gltA(犬埃里希氏菌和立克次体属。),鞭毛蛋白B(疏螺旋体属。)和16-23SrRNA(Bartonellaspp。).三个蜱物种,血根虫(50/53),R.microplus(1/53),和双品红血丝(2/53),已确定。在狗血液中检测到gibsoni巴贝斯虫(85个中的38个)和A.platys(85个中的7个)。相比之下,四种病原体,B.gibsoni(53人中有1人),B.vogeli(53人中有1人),H.canis(53个中的22个),和A.platys(53个中的1个),在蜱中检测到。然而,在这项研究中,狗血和蜱中TBP的检出率没有相关性。系统发育分析表明,四种病原体中每种病原体的单个基因型在DMA中循环。这项研究报道了B.vogeli的存在,H.canis,和A.Platys第一次在孟加拉国。
    Molecular surveillance of canine tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in Bangladesh has constantly been undervalued. Therefore, the emergence of new pathogens often remains undetected. This study aimed to screen tick-borne pathogens in stray dogs and ticks in the Dhaka metropolitan area (DMA). Eighty-five dog blood and 53 ticks were collected in six city districts of DMA from September 2022 to January 2023. The ticks were identified by morphology. Screening of TBPs was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing. The PCR assays were conducted to analyze the 18S rRNA (Babesia gibsoni, B. vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis), 16S rRNA (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, and A. bovis), gltA (Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia spp.), flagellin B (Borrelia spp.) and 16-23S rRNA (Bartonella spp.). Three tick species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (50/53), R. microplus (1/53), and Haemaphysalis bispinosa (2/53), were identified. Babesia gibsoni (38 out of 85) and A. platys (7 out of 85) were detected in dog blood. In contrast, four pathogens, B. gibsoni (1 out of 53), B. vogeli (1 out of 53), H. canis (22 out of 53), and A. platys (1 out of 53), were detected in the ticks. However, the detection rates of TBPs in dog blood and ticks were not correlated in this study. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that a single genotype for each of the four pathogens is circulating in DMA. This study reports the existence of B. vogeli, H. canis, and A. platys in Bangladesh for the first time.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    巴贝虫物种感染了全球范围内非常广泛的哺乳动物宿主,和人畜共患感染越来越受到关注。巴贝虫属的几种感染狗,其中一些引起显著的发病率和死亡率。顶孔虫寄生虫驻留在红细胞内,感染通过血管内和血管外溶血导致对宿主的直接损害。宿主对一些巴贝虫寄生虫物种的旺盛的炎症反应也导致对宿主的显著附带损害。犬类感染已成为许多研究的主题,因为这些伴侣动物的健康越来越受到tick媒介的传播和越来越多的流动狗种群的威胁。目前没有广泛可用的有效疫苗,和有效的治疗可能是具有挑战性的。了解疾病的发病机理是开发新的治疗方法的基础。感染狗的各种巴贝斯虫寄生虫物种的不同致病性为探索由这种寄生虫属感染引起的广泛疾病的分子基础提供了机会。在这次审查中,我们关注关于感染巴贝斯虫的犬的临床表现的报道,试图比较由不同巴贝斯虫物种引起的疾病的严重程度.
    Babesia species infect a very wide range of mammal hosts across the globe, and zoonotic infections are of growing concern. Several species of the Babesia genus infect dogs, and some of these cause significant morbidity and mortality. The Apicomplexan parasite resides within the red cell and infections result in direct damage to the host through intra- and extravascular hemolysis. An exuberant inflammatory response by the host to some species of Babesia parasites also results in significant collateral damage to the host. Canine infections have been the subject of many studies as the well-being of these companion animals is increasingly threatened by the spread of tick vectors and an increasingly mobile dog population. There are currently no widely available and effective vaccines, and effective treatment can be challenging. Understanding disease pathogenesis underlies the development of new treatments. The varying pathogenicity of the various Babesia parasite species that infect dogs offers an opportunity to explore the molecular basis for the wide range of diseases caused by infection with this parasite genus. In this review, we focus on what has been reported about the clinical presentation of Babesia-infected dogs in an attempt to compare the severity of disease caused by different Babesia species.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    二氮烯乙酸盐(DA),二丙酸亚胺酯(ID),atovaquone(ATO),阿奇霉素(AZI),克林霉素,和奎宁已经被用于治疗动物和人类的巴贝斯虫病很多年了,尽管他们的负面影响和不断上升的阻力迹象。因此,寻找可以治疗感染或降低给药剂量的抗babesial化合物是主要目标.喹唑啉是最重要的氮杂环化合物之一,具有广泛的药理活性,包括镇痛,抗炎,镇静催眠药,抗组胺,抗癌,和抗原生动物的特性。本研究调查了二十种6,7-二甲氧基喹唑啉-2,4-二胺对巴贝斯虫的抗巴贝斯活性。一个候选人,6,7-二甲氧基-N4-乙基异丙基-N2-乙基(吡啶-4-基)喹唑啉-2,4-二胺(SHG02),在体外对gibsoni巴贝斯表现出有效的抑制作用,以及小鼠的B.microti和B.rodhaini。我们的发现表明候选化合物SHG02有望进一步开发抗巴贝斯虫药物,并为开发抗巴贝斯虫疗法提供了新的结构。
    Diminazene aceturate (DA), imidocarb dipropionate (ID), atovaquone (ATO), azithromycin (AZI), clindamycin, and quinine have been used to treat animal and human babesiosis for many years, despite their negative effects and rising indications of resistance. Thus, finding anti-babesial compounds that can either treat the infection or lower the dose of drugs given has been a primary objective. Quinazolines are one of the most important nitrogen heterocycles, with a wide range of pharmacological activities including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative-hypnotic, anti-histaminic, anti-cancer, and anti-protozoan properties. The present study investigated the anti-babesial activities of twenty 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4-diamines on Babesia spp. One candidate, 6,7-dimethoxy-N4-ethylisopropyl-N2-ethyl(pyridin-4-yl)quinazoline-2,4-diamine (SHG02), showed potent inhibition on Babesia gibsoni in vitro, as well as on B. microti and B. rodhaini in mice. Our findings indicate that the candidate compound SHG02 is promising for further development of anti-babesial drugs and provides a new structure to be explored for developing anti-Babesia therapeutics.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:吉卜索尼巴贝斯,犬巴贝斯虫病的病原体,属于顶孔门。体外培养技术的发展推动了各种组学研究的进展,包括疟原虫的转录组学分析。在体外和体内环境之间,这促进了诊断抗原的观察和疫苗的开发。然而,没有关于巴贝西亚的信息。可以在这方面获得,这极大地阻碍了对寄生虫在血液阶段的生长发育的进一步了解。
    方法:在本研究中,与体内寄生虫相比,观察到连续体外培养的B.gibsoni(武汉分离株)的形态和感染性发生了很大变化。基于这些变化,从体内和体外培养物中收集B.gibsoni(武汉分离株),然后进行总RNA提取和Illumina转录组测序。获得的差异表达基因(DEGs)使用qRT-PCR进行验证,然后通过几个数据库进行功能注释。从B.gibsoni(武汉分离株)的基因组中克隆了体外培养后表达最高的基因,并通过Western印迹和间接免疫荧光测定法进行了表征,以检测天然形式和细胞定位。
    结果:通过实验室培养,观察到多种形式的寄生虫,发现体外培养的寄生虫在狗中的感染性较低。基于这些变化,进行了Illumina转录组测序,显示377个单基因上调,334个单基因下调。值得注意的是,AP2转录因子家族,对寄生虫的所有发育阶段都至关重要,被筛选,并测试了这些家族成员的转录变化。因此,选择体外适应后上调表达最高的新型AP2转录因子基因(BgAP2-M)。该基因包含1989个碱基对的开放阅读框(ORF),其编码662个氨基酸的全长蛋白质。BgAP2-M包含一个AP2域和一个ACDC保守域,这可能与寄生虫的核生物学有关。制备的针对BgAP2-M肽的多克隆抗体进一步检测到〜73kDa的天然大小,并定位到吉布氏芽孢杆菌的细胞核。
    结论:本研究首次在体内和体外对双歧杆菌进行了全面的转录组分析,有助于详细了解环境变化对血液阶段寄生虫生长和发育的影响。此外,它还为ApiAP2转录因子家族的不同成员作为Babesiaspp的各种生命阶段调节因子提供了更深入的研究。
    BACKGROUND: Babesia gibsoni, the causative agent of canine babesiosis, belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. The development of in vitro culture technology has driven research progress in various kinds of omics studies, including transcriptomic analysis of Plasmodium spp. between in vitro and in vivo environments, which has prompted the observation of diagnostic antigens and vaccine development. Nevertheless, no information on Babesia spp. could be obtained in this respect, which greatly hinders the further understanding of parasite growth and development in the blood stage.
    METHODS: In this study, considerable changes in the morphology and infectivity of continuous in vitro cultured B. gibsoni (Wuhan isolate) were observed compared to in vivo parasites. Based on these changes, B. gibsoni (Wuhan isolate) was collected from both in vivo and in vitro cultures, followed by total RNA extraction and Illumina transcriptome sequencing. The acquired differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using qRT-PCR, and then functionally annotated through several databases. The gene with the greatest upregulation after in vitro culture was cloned from the genome of B. gibsoni (Wuhan isolate) and characterized by western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay for detecting the native form and cellular localization.
    RESULTS: Through laboratory cultivation, multiple forms of parasites were observed, and the infectivity of in vitro cultured parasites in dogs was found to be lower. Based on these changes, Illumina transcriptome sequencing was conducted, showing that 377 unigenes were upregulated and 334 unigenes were downregulated. Notably, an AP2 transcription factor family, essential for all developmental stages of parasites, was screened, and the transcriptional changes in these family members were tested. Thus, the novel AP2 transcription factor gene (BgAP2-M) with the highest upregulated expression after in vitro adaptation was selected. This gene comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of 1989 base pairs encoding a full-length protein of 662 amino acids. BgAP2-M contains one AP2 domain and one ACDC conserved domain, which may be involved in the nuclear biology of parasites. The prepared polyclonal antibodies against the BgAP2-M peptides further detected a native size of ~ 73 kDa and were localized to the nuclei of B. gibsoni.
    CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a thorough transcriptome analysis of B. gibsoni in vivo and in vitro for the first time, contributing to a detailed understanding of the effects of environmental changes on the growth and development of parasites in the blood stage. Moreover, it also provides a deeper investigation for the different members of the ApiAP2 transcription factor family as various life stage regulators in Babesia spp.
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  • 文章类型: Case Reports
    滴虫传播的血寄生虫在猫中很少被发现,在对看起来健康的动物的调查中。在香港一只六岁雄性绝育的家养短毛猫储存的血液中,使用PCR对Babesiaspp进行回顾性检测。18SrRNA和线粒体细胞色素B基因,然后进行测序和基本局部比对搜索工具(BLAST)分析。猫出现严重的溶血性贫血和血小板减少症。猫对支持性治疗和糖皮质激素有反应,尽管持续存在亚临床血小板减少症,但临床正常,直到出现后六个月,当它死于致命的出血事件。尸检显示严重的肠和肺出血以及骨髓细胞减少伴巨核细胞增多,但没有其他原因引起免疫介导的血小板减少症(IMTP)或免疫介导的溶血性贫血(IMHA)。在第158天和第180天储存的血液对巴贝斯虫属的PCR呈阴性。该报告表明,在猫中检测到B.gibsoni的地理范围包括香港。排除其他原因表明,在这种情况下,吉布氏芽孢杆菌可能在引发免疫介导的疾病中发挥了潜在的作用。
    Tick-borne haemoparasite Babesia gibsoni has been detected rarely in cats, in surveys of apparently healthy animals. In stored blood from a 6-year-old male-neutered domestic shorthair cat in Hong Kong, B. gibsoni DNA was detected retrospectively using PCR for Babesia spp. 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome B genes, followed by sequencing and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis. The cat presented with severe haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. The cat responded to supportive care and glucocorticoids and was clinically normal despite persistent subclinical thrombocytopenia until six months after presentation, when it succumbed to a fatal haemorrhagic episode. Necropsy revealed severe intestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage and hypocellular bone marrow with megakaryocytosis but no other causes of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) or immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). Blood stored on days 158 and 180 tested PCR negative for Babesia spp. This report demonstrates that geographic range of B. gibsoni detection in cats includes Hong Kong. The exclusion of other causes suggests that B. gibsoni might have potentially played a role in triggering immune-mediated disease in this case.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    细胞内原生动物寄生虫gibsoni巴贝斯虫感染犬红细胞并引起巴贝斯虫病。由于B.gibsoni感染和药物耐药性的增加,对动物健康的危害增加了。然而,缺乏高质量的全基因组测序集扩大了病原体发展的障碍,毒品,和疫苗。在这项研究中,对B.gibsoni的整个基因组进行了测序,组装,和注释。吉布氏芽孢杆菌的基因组大小总计为7.94Mbp。4条染色体大小为0.69Mb,2.10Mb,2.77Mb,和2.38Mb,分别,1根尖体(28.4Kb),和1个线粒体(5.9kb)被证实。KEGG分析显示2,641个推定的蛋白质富集在316个途径,和GO剖析显示总共有7,571个核基因组。合成分析显示gibsoni芽孢杆菌和牛芽孢杆菌之间高度相关。B.gibsoni的一个新的分歧点发生在2.977亿年前,比B.bovis早,B.Ovata,还有B.Bigemina.与几个Babesiaspp相比,骨科分析揭示了22和32个独特的基因。和尖丛物种。B.gibsoni的代谢途径进行了表征,指向基因组的最小大小。鉴定了物种特异性分泌蛋白SA1和19个同源基因。选定的特定蛋白质,包括apetala2(AP2)因子,预测了侵袭相关蛋白BgAMA-1和BgRON2,以及跳跳功能蛋白BgWH_04g00700,可视化,并建模。总的来说,全基因组测序为诊断提供了分子水平的支持,预防,临床治疗,以及B.Gibsoni的进一步研究.重要性首先对B.gibsoni的整个基因组进行了测序,注释,并披露。基因组组成的关键部分,四条染色体,首次进行了比较分析。进行了基于B.gibsoni全基因组数据的全面系统发育进化分析,并揭示了进化路径上的一个新的分歧点。在以前的报告中,分子研究通常受到不完整的基因组数据的限制,特别是在生命周期监管等关键领域,新陈代谢,和宿主-病原体相互作用。通过对B.gibsoni的全基因组测序,我们提供了有用的遗传数据,以鼓励对新地形的探索,并使解决巴贝斯虫病的理论和实践问题变得可行。
    The intracellular protozoan parasite Babesia gibsoni infects canine erythrocytes and causes babesiosis. The hazards to animal health have increased due to the rise of B. gibsoni infections and medication resistance. However, the lack of high-quality full-genome sequencing sets has expanded the obstacles to the development of pathogeneses, drugs, and vaccines. In this study, the whole genome of B. gibsoni was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The genomic size of B. gibsoni was 7.94 Mbp in total. Four chromosomes with the size of 0.69 Mb, 2.10 Mb, 2.77 Mb, and 2.38 Mb, respectively, 1 apicoplast (28.4 Kb), and 1 mitochondrion (5.9 Kb) were confirmed. KEGG analysis revealed 2,641 putative proteins enriched on 316 pathways, and GO analysis showed 7,571 annotations of the nuclear genome in total. Synteny analysis showed a high correlation between B. gibsoni and B. bovis. A new divergent point of B. gibsoni occurred around 297.7 million years ago, which was earlier than that of B. bovis, B. ovata, and B. bigemina. Orthology analysis revealed 22 and 32 unique genes compared to several Babesia spp. and apicomplexan species. The metabolic pathways of B.gibsoni were characterized, pointing to a minimal size of the genome. A species-specific secretory protein SA1 and 19 homologous genes were identified. Selected specific proteins, including apetala 2 (AP2) factor, invasion-related proteins BgAMA-1 and BgRON2, and rhoptry function proteins BgWH_04g00700 were predicted, visualized, and modeled. Overall, whole-genome sequencing provided molecular-level support for the diagnosis, prevention, clinical treatment, and further research of B. gibsoni. IMPORTANCE The whole genome of B. gibsoni was first sequenced, annotated, and disclosed. The key part of genome composition, four chromosomes, was comparatively analyzed for the first time. A full-scale phylogeny evolution analysis based on the whole-genome-wide data of B. gibsoni was performed, and a new divergent point on the evolutionary path was revealed. In previous reports, molecular studies were often limited by incomplete genomic data, especially in key areas like life cycle regulation, metabolism, and host-pathogen interaction. With the whole-genome sequencing of B. gibsoni, we provide useful genetic data to encourage the exploration of new terrain and make it feasible to resolve the theoretical and practical problems of babesiosis.
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