纳米材料由于其纳米尺度的结构,在药物输送领域引起了极大的兴趣,容易修改,和多功能的物理化学性质。目前,可以响应内源性或外源性刺激的刺激响应性纳米材料在生物医学应用中显示出强大的潜力。与传统纳米材料相比,刺激响应性纳米材料可以通过特定的靶向和病理部位的按需药物释放来提高治疗效率并降低药物对正常组织的毒性。在这次审查中,我们总结了各种刺激的反应机制,包括pH值,氧化还原,和病理微环境中的酶,以及外部刺激,如热效应,磁场,光,和超声波。之后,生物医学应用(例如,药物输送,成像,和theranostics)在各种常见疾病中的刺激响应纳米材料,包括心血管疾病,癌症,神经系统疾病,炎症,和细菌感染,进行了介绍和讨论。最后,还讨论了刺激响应纳米材料在生物医学应用中的挑战和未来研究方向的展望。我们希望这篇综述能够为开发刺激响应性纳米材料提供有价值的指导,并加速其在疾病诊断和治疗中的生物医学应用。
Nanomaterials have aroused great interests in drug delivery due to their nanoscale structure, facile modifiability, and multifunctional physicochemical properties. Currently, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials that can respond to endogenous or exogenous stimulus display strong potentials in biomedical applications. In comparison with conventional nanomaterials, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials can improve therapeutic efficiency and reduce the toxicity of drugs toward normal tissues through specific targeting and on-demand drug release at pathological sites. In this review, we summarize the responsive mechanism of a variety of stimulus, including pH, redox, and enzymes within pathological microenvironment, as well as exogenous stimulus such as thermal effect, magnetic field, light, and ultrasound. After that, biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, and theranostics) of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials in a diverse array of common diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and bacterial infection, are presented and discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlooks of future research directions for the biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials are also discussed. We hope that this review can provide valuable guidance for developing stimuli-responsive nanomaterials and accelerate their biomedical applications in diseases diagnosis and treatment.