安全和可持续的设计（SSbD）纳米材料（NM）或含NM的产品是优先事项。银（Ag）NM具有广泛的应用，包括生物医学和其他产品，甚至作为纳米杀虫剂。因此，它们对环境的释放预计会增加。本研究的目的是评估SSbDAgNM对土壤模型物种Enchytraeuscrypticus（Oligochaeta）的生态毒性。测试的AgNM包括具有生物医学应用的SSbDAg，羟乙基纤维素（HEC）涂覆的AgNMs（AgHEC）及其毒性与裸AgNMs（Ag-Sigma）进行比较，一种基于Ag的生物医学产品（PLLA-Ag：掺杂Ag的聚l-丙交酯微纤维），AgNO3在土壤和水介质中都评估了影响，遵循OECD土壤标准指南(28天)和OECD延期(56天)，和短期脉冲（5天）在水介质：重组水（ISO水）和土壤：水（S：W）提取物，接下来是21天的土壤恢复期。Ag材料被彻底表征为合成的并且在培养基和动物中的测试期间。S：W的结果显示AgHEC比Ag-Sigma更具毒性（约150倍）和PLLA-Ag（约2.5倍)，与更高的Ag吸收相关。较高的毒性与较小的流体动力学尺寸和较高的悬浮稳定性有关，这反过来又导致了更高的生物利用度的AgNMs和释放的离子，特别是在S:W毒性与主要物理化学特征相关，提供AgNMs生物活性的有用预测。在一系列具有不同和/或增加复杂性的培养基中测试隐匿大肠杆菌的能力(水，S:W提取物，土壤)提供了解释结果的极好来源，在这里推荐。
Safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) nanomaterials (NMs) or NM-containing products are a priority. Silver (Ag) NMs have a vast array of applications, including biomedical and other products, even as nanopesticides. Thus, their release to the environment is expected to increase. The aim of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicity of the SSbD Ag NM to the soil model species Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). The Ag NM tested consists in a SSbD Ag with biomedical applications, a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) coated Ag NMs (AgHEC) and its toxicity was compared to the naked Ag NMs (Ag-Sigma), an Ag-based biomedical product (PLLA-Ag: Poly l-Lactide microfibers doped with Ag), and AgNO3. Effects were assessed both in soil and aqueous media, following the standard OECD guideline in soil (28 days) and the OECD extension (56 days), and short-term pulse (5 days) in aqueous media: reconstituted water (ISO water) and soil:water (S:W) extracts, followed by a 21-days recovery period in soil. Ag materials were thoroughly characterized as synthesized and during the test in media and animals. Results in S:W showed AgHEC was more toxic than Ag-Sigma (ca. 150 times) and PLLA-Ag (ca. 2.5 times), associated with a higher Ag uptake. Higher toxicity was related to a smaller hydrodynamic size and higher suspension stability, which in turn resulted in a higher bioavailability of Ag NMs and released ions, particularly in S:W. Toxicity was correlated with the main physicochemical features, providing useful prediction of AgNMs bioactivity. The ability to test E. crypticus in a range of media with different and/or increasing complexity (water, S:W extracts, soil) provided an excellent source to interpret results and is here recommended.
