背景:在人口老龄化的背景下,老年人群认知障碍的风险突出.暴露于复杂的邻里建筑环境可能有利于老年人的认知健康,这项研究的目的是系统地回顾有关邻里环境对老年人认知功能影响的科学证据。
方法:在WebofScience中搜索关键词和参考文献,Pubmed,PsycINFO,和MEDLINE。包括研究老年人的建筑环境与认知功能之间关系的研究。邻域建筑环境作为自变量,根据七个方面进行了分类:密度,设计,多样性,目的地可访问性,公共交通距离,蓝色/绿色空间,和建筑环境质量。作为因变量的认知功能根据总体认知功能进行分类,特定领域的认知功能,和痴呆症的发病率。使用美国国立卫生研究院的观察队列和横断面研究质量评估工具评估纳入文献的质量。
结果:共纳入56项符合纳入标准的研究,包括31项横断面研究,23项纵向研究,1个横断面研究设计与病例对照设计相结合,1个纵向研究设计与病例对照设计相结合。回顾的大多数研究表明,与老年人认知功能呈正相关的建筑环境因素是人口密度,街道连通性,适行性,住宅周围的公共交通站点数量,土地利用组合,邻里资源,绿色空间,和邻里建筑环境的质量。与老年人认知功能负相关的建筑环境因素是街道整合,从住宅到主要道路的距离。住宅密度之间的关系,目的地可访问性,和蓝色空间与老年人的认知功能需要进一步探索。
结论:初步证据表明,老年人的邻里环境与认知功能之间存在关联。未来可采用标准化、主客观相结合的评价方法,进一步探讨建成环境与认知功能之间的因果关系,以及纵向或准实验研究设计。对于老年人认知健康的公共卫生干预措施,建议有关当局将邻里建筑环境纳入其干预计划。
BACKGROUND: In the background of an aging population, the risk of cognitive impairment in the older population is prominent. Exposure to complex
neighborhood built environments may be beneficial to the cognitive health of older adults, and the purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific evidence on the effects of
neighborhood built environments on cognitive function in older adults.
METHODS: Keywords and references were searched in Web of Science, Pubmed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Studies examining the relationship between the built environment and cognitive function in older adults were included. The
neighborhood built environment as an independent variable was classified according to seven aspects: density, design, diversity, destination accessibility, public transportation distance, blue/green space, and built environment quality. The cognitive function as the dependent variable was classified according to overall cognitive function, domain-specific cognitive function, and incidence of dementia. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the National Institutes of Health\'s Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Study Quality Assessment Tool.
RESULTS: A total of 56 studies were included that met the inclusion criteria, including 31 cross-sectional studies, 23 longitudinal studies, 1 cross-sectional study design combined with a case-control design, and 1 longitudinal study design combined with a case-control design. Most of the studies reviewed indicate that the built environment factors that were positively associated with cognitive function in older adults were population density, street connectivity, walkability, number of public transportation stops around the residence, land use mix, neighborhood resources, green space, and quality of the
neighborhood built environment. Built environment factors that were negatively associated with cognitive function in older adults were street integration, distance from residence to main road. The relationship between residential density, destination accessibility, and blue space with cognitive function in older adults needs to be further explored.
CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests an association between the
neighborhood built environment and cognitive function in older adults. The causal relationship between the built environment and cognitive function can be further explored in the future using standardized and combined subjective and objective assessment methods, and longitudinal or quasi-experimental study designs. For public health interventions on the cognitive health of older adults, it is recommended that relevant authorities include the neighborhood built environment in their intervention programs.