Due to the advanced studies on stem cells in developmental biology, the roles of stem cells in the body and their phenotypes in related diseases have not been covered clearly. Meanwhile, with the intensive research on the mechanisms of stem cells in regulating various diseases, stem cell therapy is increasingly being attention because of its effectiveness and safety. As one of the most widely used stem cell in stem cell therapies, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation shows huge advantage in treatment of leukemia and other blood-malignant diseases. Besides, due to the effect of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, mesenchymal stem cells could be a potential therapeutic strategy for variety infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the effects of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and its components on different types of adult stem cells and their downstream signaling pathways. Also, we reviewed the roles of different kinds of stem cells in various disease models caused by S. aureus, providing new insights for applying stem cell therapy to treat infectious diseases.

Osteomyelitis is an invasive bone infection that can lead to severe pain and even disability, posing a challenge for orthopedic surgery. Naringin can reduce bone-related inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to elucidate the function and mechanism of naringin in a Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse model of osteomyelitis. Femurs of S. aureus-infected mice were collected after naringin administration and subjected to microcomputed tomography to analyze cortical bone destruction and bone loss. Bacterial growth in femurs was also assessed. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in mouse femurs were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pathological changes and bone resorption were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to quantify the messenger RNA and protein expression of osteogenic differentiation-associated genes in the femurs. The viability of human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs) was determined using cell counting kit-8. Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase staining were performed to assess the formation of mineralization nodules and bone formation in vitro. Notch signaling-related protein levels in femur tissues and hBMSCs were assessed using western blot analysis. Experimental results revealed that naringin alleviated S. aureus-induced cortical bone destruction and bone loss in mice by increasing the bone volume/total volume ratio. Naringin suppressed S. aureus-induced bacterial growth and inflammation in femurs. Moreover, it alleviated histopathological changes, inhibited bone resorption, and increased the expression of osteogenic markers in osteomyelitic mice. It increased the viability of hBMSCs and promoted their differentiation and bone mineralization in vitro. Furthermore, naringin activated Notch signaling by upregulating the protein levels of Notch1, Jagged1, and Hes1 in the femurs of model mice and S. aureus-stimulated hBMSCs. In conclusion, naringin reduces bacterial growth, inflammation, and bone resorption while upregulating the expression of osteogenic markers in S. aureus-infected mice and hBMSCs by activating Notch signaling.

UNASSIGNED: This research was to innovate a nanozyme-based therapeutic strategy that combines aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers with copper nanozymes. This approach is designed to address the hypoxic conditions often found in bacterial infections and aims to boost the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by ensuring sufficient oxygen supply for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
UNASSIGNED: Our approach involved the synthesis of dihydroxyl triphenyl vinyl pyridine (DHTPY)-Cu@zoledronic acid (ZOL) nanozyme particles. We initially synthesized DHTPY and then combined it with copper nanozymes to form the DHTPY-Cu@ZOL composite. The nanozyme\'s size, morphology, and chemical properties were characterized using various techniques, including dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo tests to evaluate the photodynamic, antibacterial, and wound-healing properties of the DHTPY-Cu@ZOL nanozymes, including their oxygen-generation capacity, ROS production, and antibacterial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
UNASSIGNED: The DHTPY-Cu@ZOL exhibited proficient H2O2 scavenging and oxygen generation, crucial for enhancing PDT in oxygen-deprived infection environments. Our in vitro analysis revealed a notable antibacterial effect against MRSA, suggesting the nanozymes\' potential to disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Further, in vivo studies using a diabetic rat model with MRSA-infected wounds showed that DHTPY-Cu@ZOL markedly improved wound healing and reduced bacterial presence, underscoring its efficacy as a non-antibiotic approach for chronic infections.
UNASSIGNED: Our study suggests that DHTPY-Cu@ZOL is a highly promising approach for combating antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens and biofilms. The biocompatibility and stability of these nanozyme particles, coupled with their improved PDT efficacy position them as a promising candidate for clinical applications.

UNASSIGNED: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin diseases that seriously affects life quality of the patients. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization on the skin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD; however, the mechanism of how it modulates skin immunity to exacerbate AD remains unclear. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of genes. They are involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory skin diseases.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we established miRNA expression profiles for keratinocytes stimulated with heat-killed S. aureus (HKSA). The expression of miR-939 in atopic dermatitis patients was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). miR-939 mimic was transfected to human primary keratinocyte to investigate its impact on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes (MMPs) in vitro. Subsequently, miR-939, along with Polyplus transfection reagent, was administered to MC903-induced atopic dermatitis skin to assess its function in vivo.
UNASSIGNED: MiR-939 was highly upregulated in HKSA-stimulated keratinocytes and AD lesions. In vitro studies revealed that miR-939 increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes, including MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9, as well as the cell adhesion molecule ICAM1 in human primary keratinocytes. In vivo studies indicated that miR-939 increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases to promote the colonization of S. aureus and exacerbated S. aureus-induced AD-like skin inflammation.
UNASSIGNED: Our work reveals miR-939 is an important regulator of skin inflammation in AD that could be used as a potential therapeutic target for AD.

Propolis has potential anti-inflammatory properties, but little is known about its efficacy against inflammatory reactions caused by drug-resistant bacteria, and the difference in efficacy between propolis and tree gum is also unclear. Here, an in vivo study was performed to study the effects of ethanol extract from poplar propolis (EEP) and poplar tree gum (EEG) against heat-inactivated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Pre-treatment with EEP and EEG (100 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in significant protective effects on ALI in mice, and EEP exerted stronger activity to alleviate lung tissue lesions and ALI scores compared with that of EEG. Furthermore, EEP significantly suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in the lung, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that both EEP and EEG could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, enhance the abundance of beneficial microbiota and reduce the harmful ones, and partly restore the levels of short-chain fatty acids. EEP could modulate more serum metabolites and showed a more robust correlation between serum metabolites and gut microbiota. Overall, these results support the anti-inflammatory effects of propolis in the treatment of ALI, and the necessity of the quality control of propolis.

OBJECTIVE: Necrotizing tracheobronchitis is a rare clinical entity presented as a necrotic inflammation involving the mainstem trachea and distal bronchi. We reported a case of severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis caused by influenza B and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) co-infection in an immunocompetent patient.
METHODS: We described a 36-year-old man with initial symptoms of cough, rigors, muscle soreness and fever. His status rapidly deteriorated two days later and he was intubated. Bronchoscopy demonstrated severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis, and CT imaging demonstrated multiple patchy and cavitation formation in both lungs. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) culture supported the co-infection of influenza B and MRSA. We also found T lymphocyte and NK lymphocyte functions were extremely suppressed during illness exacerbation. The patient was treated with antivirals and antibiotics including vancomycin. Subsequent bronchoscopy and CT scans revealed significant improvement of the airway and pulmonary lesions, and the lymphocyte functions were restored. Finally, this patient was discharged successfully.
CONCLUSIONS: Necrotizing tracheobronchitis should be suspected in patients with rapid deterioration after influenza B infection. The timely diagnosis of co-infection and accurate antibiotics are important to effective treatment.

UNASSIGNED: Incorporation of luvangetin in nanoemulsions for antimicrobial and therapeutic use in infected wound healing.
UNASSIGNED: Luvangetin nanoemulsions were prepared by high-speed shear method and characterized based on their appearance structure, average droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), electric potential, storage stability. Optimized formulation of luvangetin nanoemulsion by Box-Behnken design (BBD). The antimicrobial activity and antimicrobial mechanism of luvangetin nanoemulsions against common hospital pathogens, ie, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were investigated using luvangetin nanoemulsions. The biosafety of luvangetin nanoemulsion was evaluated through cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay experiments using human normal epidermal cells and endothelial cells. Finally, the effect of luvangetin nanoemulsion on healing of infected wounds was investigated in B6 mice.
UNASSIGNED: Luvangetin nanoemulsion formulation consists of 2.5% sunflower seed oil, 10% emulsifier Span-20 and 7 minutes of shear time, and with good stability. Luvangetin nanoemulsion produces antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli by disrupting the structure of bacterial cell membranes. Luvangetin nanoemulsion are biologically safe for HaCat and HUVEC. Luvangetin nanoemulsion showed good therapeutic effect on MRSA infected wounds in mice.
UNASSIGNED: For the first time, developed a new formulation called luvangetin nanoemulsion, which exhibited superior antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria. Luvangetin nanoemulsion has a favorable effect in promoting infected wound healing. We have combined luvangetin, which has multiple activities, with nanoemulsions to provide a new topical fungicidal formulation, and have comprehensively evaluated its effectiveness and safety, opening up new possibilities for further applications of luvangetin.

The accurate and rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) holds significant clinical importance. This work presents a new method for detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in clinical samples. The method uses an aptamer-based colorimetric assay that combines a recognizing probe to identify the target and split DNAzyme to amplify the signal, resulting in a highly sensitive and direct analysis of methicillin-resistance. The identification of the PBP2a protein on the membrane of S. aureus in clinical samples leads to the allosterism of the recognizing probe, and thus provides a template for the proximity ligation of split DNAzyme. The proximity ligation of split DNAzyme forms an intact DNAzyme to identify the loop section in the L probe and generates a nicking site to release the loop sequence (\"3\" and \"4\" fragments). The \"3\" and \"4\" fragments forms an intact sequence to induce the catalytic hairpin assembly, exposing the G-rich section. The released the G-rich sequence of LR probe induces the formation of G-quadruplex-hemin DNAzyme as a colorimetric signal readout. The absorption intensity demonstrated a strong linear association with the logarithm of the S. aureus concentration across a wide range of 5 orders of magnitude dynamic range under the optimized experimental parameters. The limit of detection was calculated to be 23 CFU/ml and the method showed high selectivity for MRSA.

BACKGROUND: Long-term treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) can lead to the formation of small-colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus. However, the mechanism behind SCVs formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored the phenotype and omics-based characterization of S. aureus SCVs induced by SXT and shed light on the potential causes of SCV formation.
METHODS: Stable SCVs were obtained by continuously treating S. aureus isolates using 12/238 µg/ml of SXT, characterized by growth kinetics, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and auxotrophism test. Subsequently, a pair of representative strains (SCV and its parental strain) were selected for genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis.
RESULTS: Three stable S. aureus SCVs were successfully screened and proven to be homologous to their corresponding parental strains. Phenotypic tests showed that all SCVs were non-classical mechanisms associated with impaired utilization of menadione, heme and thymine, and exhibited slower growth and higher antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), compared to their corresponding parental strains. Genomic data revealed 15 missense mutations in 13 genes in the representative SCV, which were involved in adhesion, intramolecular phosphate transfer on ribose, transport pathways, and phage-encoded proteins. The combination analysis of transcriptome and metabolome identified 35 overlapping pathways possible associated with the phenotype switching of S. aureus. These pathways mainly included changes in metabolism, such as purine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and ABC transporters, which could play a crucial role in promoting SCVs development by affecting nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism in bacteria.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides profound insights into the causes of S. aureus SCV formation induced by SXT. The findings may offer valuable clues for developing new strategies to combat S. aureus SCV infections.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), which has the potential to produce serious infections, was a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections, acute purulent lymphadenitis was rare.
METHODS: The patient was a female infant with lumps, tenderness, and fever on the right side of the neck and groin. Laboratory tests suggested a bacterial infection. The diagnosis of acute purulent lymphadenitis was made based on the clinical signs and the results of a supporting exam. After three days, MRSA developed in the secretions of suppurative lymph nodes. Her mother\'s nasopharyngeal swab sample results revealed MRSA. The genotypes of two bacterial strains that underwent molecular analysis were identical.
RESULTS: 17 days after admission, the patient showed signs of clinical recovery.
CONCLUSIONS: The incident brought to light the possible spread of CA-MRSA in the Chinese population. Even without a definite path of infection, CA-MRSA should be taken into consideration when the standard treatment for children with acute purulent lymphadenitis is ineffective. Early infancy MRSA acquisition may be mostly caused by maternal-infant horizontal transmission.