BACKGROUND: Functional assessments are crucial to evaluate treatment outcomes in clinical and animal studies on rotator cuff injuries. While gait analysis is commonly used to assess animal models of rotator cuff tears, it is less relevant for human patients as the human shoulder is typically assessed in a non-weight-bearing condition. The present study introduces the skilled reaching test as a shoulder functional assessment tool for rats, which allows for evaluation without weight bearing.
METHODS: In the control group, 8 male Sprague-Dawley rats received rotator cuff tear surgery without repair. In the rotator cuff repair group, 20 rats received rotator cuff repair at 4 weeks post rotator cuff tear. For the skilled reaching test, rats were trained to extend their forelimbs to fetch food pellets, and the number of trials, number of attempts and the success rate were recorded. The gait analysis and skilled reaching test were performed at baseline, 4 weeks post-tear, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-repair. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of time on the shoulder function. The significance level was set at 0.05.
RESULTS: The skilled reaching test required 216 h to conduct, while the gait analysis took 44 h. In the rotator cuff repair group, gait performance significantly deteriorated at 1 week post-repair and restored to 4 weeks post-tear levels at 4 weeks post-repair. Regarding the skilled reaching test, the number of attempts, number of trials and the success rate decreased at 1 week post-repair. Subsequently, there was a brief rebound in performance observed at 2 weeks post-repair, followed by a continued decline in the number of attempts and trials. By 8 weeks post-repair, only the success rate had restored to levels similar to those observed at 4 weeks post-tear.
CONCLUSIONS: The skilled reaching test can detect functional deficiencies following rotator cuff tear and repair, while it requires high time and labour costs.

BACKGROUND: The effects of the timing of surgical repair on the outcomes of traumatic and non-traumatic rotator cuff injuries (RCI) remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to compare differences in outcomes following the repair of traumatic and non-traumatic RCI at varying time points.
METHODS: The study population comprised 87 patients with traumatic and non-traumatic RCI who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. Next, the trauma and the non-trauma groups were stratified into subgroups according to the time of injury (early repair: occurring within 3 months; delayed repair: occurring after 3 months). Measurements before and after surgical interventions were compared to evaluate the effect of the duration of RCI on the functional status of patients in the trauma and non-trauma groups. Primary evaluation indices included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant shoulder function score, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score. Secondary evaluation indices consisted of shoulder range of motion (ROM), postoperative rotator cuff retear rate, and incidence of joint stiffness.
RESULTS: Among the 40 patients in the trauma group, 22 underwent early repair, whereas the remaining 18 underwent delayed repair. In the non-trauma group consisting of 47 patients, 18 underwent early repair, whereas the remaining 29 underwent delayed repair. The minimum clinical follow-up time was 6 months, with an average follow-up time of 10.2 months. During postoperative follow-up, 1 and 6 patients who underwent early and delayed repair experienced re-tear in the trauma group, respectively. Contrastingly, 3 and 8 patients who underwent early and delayed repair presented with re-tear in the non-trauma group, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Early repair of traumatic RCI yielded superior outcomes, including improved range of motion, lower pain symptoms, and lower risk of postoperative re-tears compared to delayed repair. Additionally, non-surgical treatment is recommended as the preferred approach for patients with non-traumatic RCI.

UNASSIGNED: The tendon-bone interface (TBI) in the rotator cuff has a poor intrinsic capacity for healing, which increases the risk of retear after rotator cuff repair (RCR). However, facilitating regeneration of the TBI still remains a great clinical challenge. Herein, the authors established a novel strategy based on magnetic seeding to enhance the TBI regeneration.
UNASSIGNED: Magnetic seeding bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO-BMSCs) into a biphasic scaffold can promote tendon-bone healing after RCR.
UNASSIGNED: Controlled laboratory study.
UNASSIGNED: BMSCs were labeled with SPIOs. Prussian blue staining, CCK-8 tests, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to determine the optimal effect concentration of SPIOs on cell bioactivities and abilities. Then SPIO-BMSCs were magnetically seeded into a biphasic scaffold under a magnetic field. The seeding efficacy was assessed by a scanning electron microscope, and the potential mechanism in chondrogenic differentiation after seeding SPIO-BMSCs into the scaffold was evaluated by Western blot and PCR. Furthermore, the effect of SPIO-BMSC/biphasic scaffold on tendon-bone healing after RCR using a rat model was examined using histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and biomechanical evaluation.
UNASSIGNED: BMSCs labeled with 100 μg/mL SPIO had no effect on cell bioactivities and the ability of chondrogenic differentiation. SPIO-BMSCs were magnetically seeded into a biphasic scaffold, which offered a high seeding efficacy to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of SPIO-BMSCs via the CDR1as/miR-7/FGF2 pathway for TBI formation in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo application of the biphasic scaffold with magnetically seeded SPIO-BMSCs showed their regenerative potential, indicating that they could significantly accelerate and promote TBI healing with superior biomechanical properties after RCR in a rat rotator cuff tear model.
UNASSIGNED: Magnetically seeding SPIO-BMSCs into a biphasic scaffold enhanced seeding efficacy to promote cell distribution and condensation. This construct enhanced the chondrogenesis process via the CDR1as/miR-7/FGF2 pathway and further promoted tendon-bone healing after RCR in a rat rotator cuff tear model.
UNASSIGNED: This study provides an alternative strategy for improving TBI healing after RCR.

UNASSIGNED: Rotator cuff tears have been repaired using the transosseous method for decades. The direct suture (DS) technique has been widely used for rotator cuff tears; however, the retear rate is relatively high. Suture anchors are now used frequently for rotator cuff repair (RCR) in accordance with recent developments in materials. However, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) may still cause complications such as the formation of cysts and osteophytes. Some studies have developed the inlay suture (IS) technique for RCR.
UNASSIGNED: To compare how 3 different surgical techniques-namely, the DS, IS, and PEEK suture anchor (PSA)-affect tendon-bone healing after RCR. We hypothesized that the IS technique would lead to better tendon-to-bone healing and that the repaired structure would be similar to the normal enthesis.
UNASSIGNED: Controlled laboratory study.
UNASSIGNED: Acute infraspinatus tendon tears were created in 36 six-month-old male rabbits, which were divided into 3 groups based on the technique used for RCR: DS, IS, and PSA. Animals were euthanized at 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively and underwent a histological assessment and imaging. The expression of related proteins was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Mechanical properties were evaluated by biomechanical testing.
UNASSIGNED: At 12 weeks, regeneration of the enthesis was observed in the 3 groups. However, the DS group showed a lower type I collagen content than the PSA and IS groups, which was similar to the results for scleraxis. The DS group displayed a significantly inferior type II collagen expression and proteoglycan deposition after safranin O/fast green and sirius red staining. With regard to runt-related transcription factor 2 and alkaline phosphatase, the IS group showed upregulated expression levels compared with the other 2 groups.
UNASSIGNED: Compared with the DS technique, the PSA and IS techniques contributed to the improved maturation of tendons and fibrocartilage regeneration, while the IS technique particularly promoted osteogenesis at the enthesis.
UNASSIGNED: The IS and PSA techniques may be more beneficial for tendon-bone healing after RCR.

UNASSIGNED: To analyze the effect of stump-preserving repair on rotator cuff healing and shoulder function for degenerative total rotator cuff tears.
UNASSIGNED: A clinical data of 152 patients with degenerative total rotator cuff tears, who underwent arthroscopic repair between April 2019 and May 2022, was retrospectively analyzed. There were 76 males and 76 females with an average age of 55.4 years (range, 24-78 years). MRI was performed at 6 months postoperatively to evaluate the rotator cuff healing according to the Sugaya classification. Pre- and intra-operative related factors were included for univariate analysis, including age (≥60 years/<60 years), gender (male/female), passive activity disorder (yes/no), disease duration (≤3 months/>3 months), stump-preserving repair (yes/no), use of suture bridge technique (yes/no), shoulder joint abduction angle at knotting (<45°/≥45°), acromioplasty (yes/no), glucocorticoid injection (yes/no), time for patients to start postoperative passive exercise (≤2 weeks/>2 weeks), and time for patients to start postoperative active exercise (≤3 months/>3 months). The influencing factors of tendon healing were screened; further logistic regression was used to conduct multivariate analysis to screen for risk factors. Two sets of data were balanced by propensity score matching. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and Constant-Murley score of shoulder joint function at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, as well as rotator cuff healing rate at 6 months postoperatively, were compared between groups based on whether or not stump-preserving repair was used.
UNASSIGNED: All patients were followed up 12-33 months (mean, 23.8 months). MRI at 25-31 weeks postoperatively showed the 121 cases of rotator cuff healing and 31 cases of non healing. Univariate analysis showed that the disease duration, stump-preserving repair, shoulder joint abduction angle at knotting, and the time for patients to start postoperative active exercise were the influencing factors of rotator cuff healing ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that non-stump-preserving repair, shoulder abduction angle more than 45° at knotting, and the time to start active exercise within 3 months postoperatively were risk factors affecting rotator cuff healing ( P<0.05). A total of 51 pairs of cases were matched based on the grouping criteria of whether the disease duration exceeded 3 months, whether the shoulder abduction angle at knotting exceeded 45°, and whether the time to start postoperative active exercise exceeded 3 months. The rotator cuff healing rate, ASES score, and Constant-Murley score of the preserving repair group at 6 months postoperatively were superior to those of the non-preserving repair group, and the differences were significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ASES score and Constant-Murley score between the two groups at 12 months postoperatively ( P>0.05).
UNASSIGNED: For degenerative total rotator cuff tears, the stump-preserving repair can shorten the healing time and promote the shoulder function recovery, but has no significant effect on shoulder function at 1 year postoperatively.
UNASSIGNED: 探讨保留足印区残端的肩袖修补术对退行性肩袖全层撕裂术后肩袖愈合以及肩关节功能的影响。.
UNASSIGNED: 回顾性分析2019年4月—2022年5月152例接受关节镜下肩袖修补术的退行性肩袖全层撕裂患者临床资料。男76例，女76例；年龄24～78岁，平均55.4岁。术后6个月复查MRI，根据Sugaya分型评估肩袖愈合情况。对年龄（≥60岁/<60岁）、性别（男/女）、被动活动受限（是/否）、病程（≤3个月/>3个月）、保残修补（是/否）、缝线桥技术固定（是/否）、打结时肩关节外展角度（<45°/≥45°）、骨性肩峰成形（是/否）、治疗期间注射糖皮质激素（是/否）、术后开始被动锻炼时间（≤2周/>2周）、术后开始主动锻炼时间（≤3个月/>3个月）进行单因素分析，初步筛选肩袖愈合的影响因素；进一步采用logistic回归进行多因素分析，筛选危险因素。以是否使用保残修补作为分组条件，使用倾向性评分匹配平衡两组数据，对术后6、12个月肩关节功能美国肩肘外科协会评分（ASES）、Constant-Murley评分以及术后6个月肩袖愈合进行组间比较。.
UNASSIGNED: 术后152例患者均获随访，随访时间12～33个月，平均23.8个月。术后25～31周复查MRI示肩袖愈合121例、未愈合31例。单因素分析示病程、保残修补、打结时肩关节外展角度及术后开始主动锻炼时间是修补术后肩袖愈合的影响因素（ P<0.05）。多因素分析示术中不保残修补、打结时肩关节外展角度≥45° 及术后3个月内开始主动锻炼是影响肩袖愈合的危险因素（ P<0.05）。以是否保残修补为分组条件，以病程是否超过3个月、打结时肩外展角度是否超过45° 及术后开始主动锻炼时间是否超过3个月为筛选条件，共匹配51对患者。保残组术后6个月肩袖愈合率、ASES评分及Constant-Murley评分均优于非保残组，差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）；两组术后12个月ASES评分及Constant-Murley评分差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。.
UNASSIGNED: 对于退行性全层肩袖撕裂患者，与不保留残端修补相比，保留足印区残端的肩袖修补术可以缩短肩袖愈合时间，肩关节功能恢复更快，但术后1年肩关节功能无明显差异。.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the effect of arthroscopic triple release combined with rotator cuff repair in the treatment of rotator cuff injury combined with frozen shoulder and its influence on the range of motion and pain score of shoulder joint, and the levels of serum pain mediators.
UNASSIGNED: This was prospective study. A total of 132 patients with rotator cuff injury combined with frozen shoulder admitted to The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2020 to December 2022 were prospectively selected and divided into two groups according to the random number table method: control group (n=67) and observation group (n=65). Patients in the control group were treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair alone, while those in the observation group were treated with arthroscopic triple release combined with rotator cuff repair, and the surgical effects of the two groups were compared.
UNASSIGNED: Three months after treatment, the external rotation, internal rotation, abduction, forward flexion, β-endorphin(β-EP), prostagranin E2 (PGE2) and substance P(SP)in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the weight-bearing strength of the affected limb in internal rotation, external rotation and forward flexion was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). Meanwhile, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at one month and three months after treatment, while the University of California at Los Angeles shoulder rating scale (UCLA) score and Constant-Murley Score (CMS) were higher than those of the control group (P< 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Arthroscopic triple release combined with rotator cuff repair improves various effects for patients with rotator cuff injury combined with frozen shoulder, such as ameliorating the muscle strength of the affected limb and improving the level of pain mediators.

Shoulder pain and disabilities are prevalent issues among the elderly population, with rotator cuff tear (RCT) being one of the leading causes. Although surgical treatment has shown some success, high postoperative retear rates remain a great challenge, particularly in elderly patients. Aging-related degeneration of muscle, tendon, tendon-to-bone enthesis, and bone plays a critical role in the development and prognosis of RCT. Studies have demonstrated that aging worsens muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration, alters tendon structure and biomechanical properties, exacerbates enthesis degeneration, and reduces bone density. Although recent researches have contributed to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of aging-related RCT, a comprehensive systematic review of this topic is still lacking. Therefore, this article aims to present a review of the pathophysiological changes and their clinical significance, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying aging-related RCT, with the goal of shedding light on new therapeutic approaches to reduce the occurrence of aging-related RCT and improve postoperative prognosis in elderly patients.

UNASSIGNED: To explore the effect of chitosan (CS) hydrogel loaded with tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs; hereinafter referred to as TDSCs/CS hydrogel) on tendon-to-bone healing after rotator cuff repair in rabbits.
UNASSIGNED: TDSCs were isolated from the rotator cuff tissue of 3 adult New Zealand white rabbits by Henderson step-by-step enzymatic digestion method and identified by multidirectional differentiation and flow cytometry. The 3rd generation TDSCs were encapsulated in CS to construct TDSCs/CS hydrogel. The cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the proliferation of TDSCs in the hydrogel after 1-5 days of culture in vitro, and cell compatibility of TDSCs/CS hydrogel was evaluated by using TDSCs alone as control. Another 36 adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=12): rotator cuff repair group (control group), rotator cuff repair+CS hydrogel injection group (CS group), and rotator cuff repair+TDSCs/CS hydrogel injection group (TDSCs/CS group). After establishing the rotator cuff repair models, the corresponding hydrogel was injected into the tendon-to-bone interface in the CS group and TDSCs/CS group, and no other treatment was performed in the control group. The general condition of the animals was observed after operation. At 4 and 8 weeks, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the relative expressions of tendon forming related genes (tenomodulin, scleraxis), chondrogenesis related genes (aggrecan, sex determining region Y-related high mobility group-box gene 9), and osteogenesis related genes (alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2) at the tendon-to-bone interface. At 8 weeks, HE and Masson staining were used to observe the histological changes, and the biomechanical test was used to evaluate the ultimate load and the failure site of the repaired rotator cuff to evaluate the tendon-to-bone healing and biomechanical properties.
UNASSIGNED: CCK-8 assay showed that the CS hydrogel could promote the proliferation of TDSCs ( P<0.05). qPCR results showed that the expressions of tendon-to-bone interface related genes were significantly higher in the TDSCs/CS group than in the CS group and control group at 4 and 8 weeks after operation ( P<0.05). Moreover, the expressions of tendon-to-bone interface related genes at 8 weeks after operation were significantly higher than those at 4 weeks after operation in the TDSCs/CS group ( P<0.05). Histological staining showed the clear cartilage tissue and dense and orderly collagen formation at the tendon-to-bone interface in the TDSCs/CS group. The results of semi-quantitative analysis showed that compared with the control group, the number of cells, the proportion of collagen fiber orientation, and the histological score in the TDSCs/CS group increased, the vascularity decreased, showing significant differences ( P<0.05); compared with the CS group, the proportion of collagen fiber orientation and the histological score in the TDSCs/CS group significantly increased ( P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the number of cells and vascularity ( P>0.05). All samples in biomechanical testing failed at the repair site during the testing process. The ultimate load of the TDSCs/CS group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared to the CS group ( P>0.05).
UNASSIGNED: TDSCs/CS hydrogel can induce cartilage regeneration to promote rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing.
UNASSIGNED: 探讨以壳聚糖（chitosan，CS）负载肌腱干细胞（tendon-derived stem cells，TDSCs）构建的可注射型水凝胶（以下简称TDSCs/CS水凝胶）促进兔肩袖腱-骨愈合的效果。.
UNASSIGNED: 取3只成年新西兰大白兔肩袖组织，采用Henderson分步酶消化法分离培养TDSCs，并经多向分化及流式细胞术鉴定。以CS包裹第3代TDSCs构建TDSCs/CS水凝胶，体外培养1～5 d以细胞计数试剂盒8（cell counting kit 8，CCK-8）法检测水凝胶中TDSCs增殖情况，并以单纯TDSCs作为对照，评估TDSCs/CS水凝胶细胞相容性。另取36只成年新西兰大白兔，随机分为3组（ n=12），分别为肩袖修复组（对照组）、肩袖修复+CS水凝胶注射组（CS组）、肩袖修复+DSCs/CS水凝胶注射组（TDSCs/CS组）。3组建立肩袖损伤+单排技术修复模型后，CS组及TDSCs/CS组将对应水凝胶注入腱-骨界面处修复肩袖，对照组不作其他处理。术后观察动物一般情况，于4、8周取材，实时定量PCR（real-time quantitative PCR，qPCR）检测腱-骨界面成肌腱相关基因（腱调蛋白、转录因子），成软骨相关基因（蛋白聚糖、性别决定区Y框蛋白9），成骨相关基因（ALP、人Runt相关转录因子2）表达；另于8周取材行HE、Masson染色观察并行组织学半定量评分，生物力学测试修复肩袖极限载荷和失效部位，评价组织愈合情况和生物力学特性改变。.
UNASSIGNED: CCK-8法检测示共培养后CS水凝胶可促进TDSCs增殖（ P<0.05）。术后各组动物均存活至实验完成。术后4、8周，TSDCs/CS组的成肌腱、成软骨、成骨相关基因相对表达量均高于CS组和对照组（ P<0.05），TSDCs/CS组组内术后8周上述基因相对表达量亦高于术后4周（ P<0.05）。组织学染色示TDSCs/CS组腱-骨界面处有清晰的软骨组织和致密有序胶原形成，半定量分析结果示TDSCs/CS组与对照组相比，细胞数量、胶原纤维分布以及组织学评分增高（ P<0.05），血管数量降低（ P<0.05）；TDSCs/CS组与CS组相比，胶原纤维分布以及组织学评分均增高（ P<0.05），而细胞数量、血管数量差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。生物力学检测示所有样本测试过程中均在修复部位失效，TDSCs/CS组极限载荷高于对照组（ P<0.05），但与CS组比较差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。.
UNASSIGNED: TDSCs/CS水凝胶可以诱导兔肩袖肌腱和骨之间的软骨再生，促进腱-骨愈合。.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate obesity on the outcome of rotator cuff repair.
METHODS: Literatures on the relationship between obesity and outcomes after rotator cuff repair were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China biology medicine(CBM), CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases from building database to August 1, 2022, and were screened independently by two authors according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Endnote X9 and Excel 2019 were used for literature extraction, management and data entry, and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate quality of the included literatures. STATA 16.0 and RevMan 5.4 softwares were used to evaluate postoperative retear rate, reoperation rate, complication rate, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), operative time and external rotation angle of shoulder joint pain were analyzed.
RESULTS: Totally 13 literatures were included, including 6 retrospective studies, 5 case-control studies, 1 prospective cohort study, and 1 abstract of a study for which the full text was not available, with 85 503 patients (31 973 in obese group and 53 530 in non-obese group). Meta-analysis showed there were statistical differences between two groups in retear rate [OR=2.58, 95%CI(1.23, 5.41), P=0.01], reoperation rate[OR=1.31, 95%CI(1.21, 1.42), P<0.00], complication rate [OR=1.57, 95%CI(1.31, 1.87), P=0.00], ASES score[MD=-3.59, 95%CI(-5.45, -1.74), P=0.00], and VAS[MD=0.24, 95%CI(0.00, 0.49), P=0.05]. While there were no differences between two groups in operative time[MD=6.03, 95%CI(-7.63, 19.69), P=0.39], external rotation angle of shoulder joint[MD=-1.79, 95%CI(-5.30, 1.71), P=0.32].
CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with higher rates of retear, resurgery, complications, poorer shoulder function and pain after rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic surgery has been established as an efficacious intervention for the treatment of rotator cuff tears. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the modifications in the lateral acromial angle (LAA) subsequent to rotator cuff repair surgery using single-row rivet fixation and double-row rivet fixation techniques. Furthermore, we sought to investigate the influence of LAA on the prognosis of rotator cuff repair surgery.
METHODS: This observational study retrospectively enrolled 105 patients diagnosed with degenerative rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2016 and 2019. Following the exclusion of two patients with subscapularis or superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears, as well as three patients who were lost to follow-up, a cohort of 100 patients was included for clinical and imaging evaluation. Among these individuals, 50 were assigned to the double-row repair group, whereas the remaining 50 comprised the single-row repair group. Bilateral shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were conducted no less than 24 months post-surgery. Experienced arthroscopic surgeons, blinded to the LAA measurements, assessed the rotator interval (RI) using a control MRI. Functional assessment was performed using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) quick disability of the shoulder and arm, shoulder and hand (qDASH) score. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for dependent samples was employed to compare data between the pre- and post-intervention groups. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationship between different parameters.
RESULTS: The study population consisted of 73 female patients and 27 male patients, with a mean age of 58.32 ± 5.29 years and a mean follow-up duration of 25.88 ± 8.11 months. Preoperatively, the mean LAA was 75.81° ± 11.28°, RI was 4.78 ± 0.62, UCLA score was 17.54 ± 2.44, and qDASH score was 2.45 ± 0.25. The average tear size was 8.95 ± 2.11 mm. A statistically significant difference in LAA was observed between the preoperative and postoperative measurements, with the double-row repair group exhibiting a greater LAA than the single-row repair group. Finally, a significant correlation was identified between LAA, RI, and qDASH scores after a 24-month follow-up period.
CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, the utilization of double-row rivet fixation has a greater LAA angle than single-row rivet fixation. Moreover, this preservation of LAA is significantly associated with the functional recovery of the shoulder joint.