UNASSIGNED: Identifying hate speech (HS) is a central concern within online contexts. Current methods are insufficient for efficient preemptive HS identification. In this study, we present the results of an analysis of automatic HS identification applied to popular alt-right YouTube videos.
UNASSIGNED: This essay describes methodological challenges of automatic HS detection. The case study concerns data on a formative segment of contemporary radical right discourse. Our purpose is twofold. (1) To outline an interdisciplinary mixed-methods approach for using automated identification of HS. This bridges the gap between technical research on the one hand (such as machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, NLP) and traditional empirical research on the other. Regarding alt-right discourse and HS, we ask: (2) What are the challenges in identifying HS in popular alt-right YouTube videos?
UNASSIGNED: The results indicate that effective and consistent identification of HS communication necessitates qualitative interventions to avoid arbitrary or misleading applications. Binary approaches of hate/non-hate speech tend to force the rationale for designating content as HS. A context-sensitive qualitative approach can remedy this by bringing into focus the indirect character of these communications. The results should interest researchers within social sciences and the humanities adopting automatic sentiment analysis and for those analysing HS and radical right discourse.
UNASSIGNED: Automatic identification or moderation of HS cannot account for an evolving context of indirect signification. This study exemplifies a process whereby automatic hate speech identification could be utilised effectively. Several methodological steps are needed for a useful outcome, with both technical quantitative processing and qualitative analysis being vital to achieve meaningful results. With regard to the alt-right YouTube material, the main challenge is indirect framing. Identification demands orientation in the broader discursive context and the adaptation towards indirect expressions renders moderation and suppression ethically and legally precarious.

UNASSIGNED: Findings from language sample analyses can provide efficient and effective indicators of cognitive impairment in older adults.
UNASSIGNED: This study used newly automated core lexicon analyses of Cookie Theft picture descriptions to assess differences in typical use across three groups.
UNASSIGNED: Participants included adults without diagnosed cognitive impairments (Control), adults diagnosed with Alzheimer\'s disease (ProbableAD), and adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cookie Theft picture descriptions were transcribed and analyzed using CLAN.
UNASSIGNED: Results showed that the ProbableAD group used significantly fewer core lexicon words overall than the MCI and Control groups. For core lexicon content words (nouns, verbs), however, both the MCI and ProbableAD groups produced significantly fewer words than the Control group. The groups did not differ in their use of core lexicon function words. The ProbableAD group was also slower to produce most of the core lexicon words than the MCI and Control groups. The MCI group was slower than the Control group for only two of the core lexicon content words. All groups mentioned a core lexicon word in the top left quadrant of the picture early in the description. The ProbableAD group was then significantly slower than the other groups to mention a core lexicon word in the other quadrants.
UNASSIGNED: This standard and simple-to-administer task reveals group differences in overall core lexicon scores and the amount of time until the speaker produces the key items. Clinicians and researchers can use these tools for both early assessment and measurement of change over time.

Separable input and output phonological working memory (WM) capacities have been proposed, with the input capacity supporting speech recognition and the output capacity supporting production. We examined the role of input vs. output phonological WM in narrative production, examining speech rate and pronoun ratio - two measures with prior evidence of a relation to phonological WM. For speech rate, a case series approach with individuals with aphasia found no significant independent contribution of input or output phonological WM capacity after controlling for single-word production. For pronoun ratio, there was some suggestion of a role for input phonological WM. Thus, neither finding supported a specific role for an output phonological buffer in speech production. In contrast, two cases demonstrating dissociations between input and output phonological WM capacities provided suggestive evidence of predicted differences in narrative production, though follow-up research is needed. Implications for case series vs. case study approaches are discussed.

The present paper examines how English native speakers produce scopally ambiguous sentences and how they make use of gestures and prosody for disambiguation. As a case in point, the participants in the present study produced the English negative quantifiers. They appear in two different positions as (1) The election of no candidate was a surprise (a: \'for those elected, none of them was a surprise\'; b: \'no candidate was elected, and that was a surprise\') and (2) no candidate\'s election was a surprise (a: \'for those elected, none of them was a surprise\'; b: # \'no candidate was elected, and that was a surprise.\' We were able to investigate the gesture production and the prosodic patterns of the positional effects (i.e., a-interpretation is available at two different positions in 1 and 2) and the interpretation effects (i.e., two different interpretations are available in the same position in 1). We discovered that the participants tended to launch more head shakes in the (a) interpretation despites the different positions, but more head nod/beat in the (b) interpretation. While there is not a difference in prosody of no in (a) and (b) interpretation in (1), there are pitch and durational differences between (a) interpretations in (1) and (2). This study points out the abstract similarities across languages such as Catalan and Spanish (Prieto et al. in Lingua 131:136-150, 2013. 10.1016/j.lingua.2013.02.008; Tubau et al. in Linguist Rev 32(1):115-142, 2015. 10.1515/tlr-2014-0016) in the gestural movements, and the meaning is crucial for gesture patterns. We emphasize that gesture patterns disambiguate ambiguous interpretation when prosody cannot do so.

Dental caries (tooth decay) is a disease with a significant global burden. Management may necessitate the extraction of teeth to restore oral health. The association between dental extractions and children\'s speech is unclear, with clinical implications for speech-language pathologists and dentists. This case series describes a prospective study reporting the impact of primary maxillary incisor teeth extraction on speech sound accuracy for three children (C1 aged 5;6 (years; months), C2 aged 4;6, C3 aged 3;10). Their speech was assessed using the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP) and the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) before (T1) and 1 month after dental treatment (T2). Speech analysis included the percentage of consonants correct (PCC) and error-type analyses. Caregiver and child perception of the child\'s oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) were assessed pre- and post-operatively using a modified Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5). At T1, all three children scored >1 standard deviation below the mean on normative data in the DEAP. There was no clinically significant change in PCC for any child (C1 T1: 89.6%, T2: 90.6%, C2 T1: 78.0%, T2: 75.9%, C3 T1: 56.1%, T2: 63.1%). OHRQoL measures were improved for C1 by the carergiver report and remained stable for C2 and C3 and all child reports. Speech sound difficulties were present before dental treatment in all participants and extraction of primary maxillary incisors did not significantly impact speech production. Dental extractions appear to be independent from speech production in this case series of preschool children.

UNASSIGNED: Connected speech analysis has been effectively utilized for the diagnosis and disease monitoring of individuals with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD). Existing research has been conducted mostly in monolingual English speakers with a noticeable lack of evidence from bilinguals and non-English speakers, particularly in non-European languages. Using a case study approach, we characterized connected speech profiles of two Bengali-English bilingual speakers with AD to determine the universal features of language impairments in both languages, identify language-specific differences between the languages, and explore language impairment characteristics of the participants with AD in relation to their bilingual language experience.
UNASSIGNED: Participants included two Bengali-English bilingual speakers with AD and a group of age-, gender-, education-, and language-matched neurologically healthy controls. Connected speech samples were collected in first language (L1; Bengali) and second language (L2; English) using a novel storytelling task (i.e., Frog, Where Are You?). These samples were analyzed using an augmented quantitative production analysis and correct information unit analyses for productivity, fluency, syntactic and morphosyntactic features, and lexical and semantic characteristics.
UNASSIGNED: Irrespective of the language, AD impacted speech productivity (speech rate and fluency) and semantic characteristics in both languages. Unique language-specific differences were noted on syntactic measures (reduced sentence length in Bengali), lexical distribution (fewer pronouns and absence of reduplication in Bengali), and inflectional properties (no difficulties with noun or verb inflections in Bengali). Among the two participants with AD, the individual who showed lower proficiency and usage in L2 (English) demonstrated reduced syntactic complexity and morphosyntactic richness in English.
UNASSIGNED: Evidence from these case studies suggests that language impairment features in AD are not universal across languages, particularly in comparison to impairments typically associated with language breakdowns in English. This study underscores the importance of establishing connected speech profiles in AD for non-English-speaking populations, especially for structurally different languages. This would in turn lead to the development of language-specific markers that can facilitate early detection of language deterioration and aid in improving diagnosis of AD in individuals belonging to underserved linguistically diverse populations.
UNASSIGNED: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25412458.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical chordoma is a rare, low-grade primary bone tumor occurring in the axial skeleton. Due to challenges in surgical exposure caused by anatomic location, patients may experience dysfunction in speech and swallowing. The objective of this study was to characterize speech and swallowing outcomes for patients undergoing surgical resection of cervical chordoma. Moreover, we detail in-depth two cases with similar initial presentations to compare prognostic factors and management strategies.
METHODS: Eleven patients with histologically confirmed cervical chordoma treated between 1993 and 2020 were included in this retrospective case series. Outcomes measured included overall survival, disease-free survival, need for enteral feeds, as well as results of modified barium swallow study (MBSS) and fiberoptic laryngoscopy.
RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 55.9 years. The patient population was 81.8% male. Mean survival after diagnosis was 96 months. Four (36.4%) patients required post-operative MBSS and demonstrated aspiration. All four of these patients presented with tumors in the superior cervical spine and received surgeries utilizing anterior approaches. Of the four, 2 required enteral feeds long-term. Four (36.4%) patients endorsed dysphonia. One patient developed post-operative right vocal fold paresis. The remaining three patients experienced stable dysphonia pre- and post-operatively. Additionally, three (27%) patients required tracheostomy placement, two of which remained in place long-term.
CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia is a common side effect of cervical chordoma resection. It is associated with the use of an anterior approach during resection and with tumors located in the superior cervical spine. Patients with postoperative dysphagia should receive early multidisciplinary swallow rehabilitation.
METHODS: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:3706-3712, 2024.

UNASSIGNED: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a multivariate motor speech disorder that requires a motor-based intervention approach. There is limited treatment research on young children with CAS, reflecting a critical gap in the literature given that features of CAS are often in full expression early in development. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is a treatment approach designed for children with severe CAS, yet the use of DTTC with children younger than 3 years of age has not been examined.
UNASSIGNED: A multiple single-case design was employed to examine the use of DTTC in seven children with CAS (aged 2.5-5 years) over the course of 6 weeks of intervention. Changes in word accuracy were measured in treated words from baseline to posttreatment and from baseline to maintenance (6 weeks posttreatment). Generalization of word accuracy changes to matched untreated words was also examined. A linear mixed-effects model was used to estimate the change in word accuracy for treated and untreated words across all children from baseline to posttreatment and to maintenance. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate mean change and calculate effect sizes for treated and untreated words.
UNASSIGNED: Group-level analyses revealed significant changes in word accuracy for treated and untreated words at posttreatment and maintenance. At the child level, six of seven children displayed medium-to-large effect sizes where word accuracy increased in an average of 3.4/5 words across all children. Each child displayed some degree of generalization to untreated targets, specifically for words with the same syllable shape as the treated words.
UNASSIGNED: These results demonstrate that DTTC can yield positive change in some young children with CAS. Key differences in each child\'s performance are highlighted.

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UNASSIGNED: In rare cases, zolpidem administration has been found to paradoxically improve cognition in patients with brain injury in disorders of consciousness.
UNASSIGNED: Two minimally conscious plus (MCS+) patients at baseline, a 24-year-old woman 8 weeks post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 23-year-old man 6 weeks post-TBI, demonstrated behavioral improvements after off-label, single-dose administration of 10 mg of zolpidem.
UNASSIGNED: The patients demonstrated improved cognition on Coma Recovery Scale-Revised assessment after ingesting zolpidem. In particular, speech was substantially restored as one patient recovered functional communication and both demonstrated intelligible verbalizations for the first-time post-injuries following zolpidem. Overall, evidence is limited regarding the underlying mechanisms of various cognitive improvements in zolpidem response although studies incorporating neuroimaging are promising. The outcomes and similarities between these cases contribute to the current literature and highlight the need for rigorous studies in the future to guide zolpidem trials in patient care for those with DOC.