Variability is one of the most crucial outcomes in human movement studies: variance and standard deviation of various parameters have been reported in numerous studies. However, in many of these studies, the numbers of trials and subjects have been intuitively determined and not justified with statistical considerations. Here, we investigated the impact of the numbers of trials and subjects on statistical power, based on the assumption that results per trial follow a normal distribution, using mathematical analysis and numerical simulation. An inverse-like relationship was observed between the number of trials and subjects required to ensure the statistical power for detecting differences in variance between subject groups or conditions. For instance, assuming a 1.2-times difference in population variance between pre-and post-training sessions as an alternative hypothesis, our simulation demonstrated that combinations of the number of subjects and trials, such as measuring 100 trials from each of 12 subjects under each condition, or measuring 20 trials from each of 60 subjects, can guarantee an 80 % of statistical power. Planning research based on such mathematical considerations will enable meaningful statistical interpretations in studies focusing on movement variability, such as gait studies.

Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is a common and disabling neurodegenerative disorder with a prevalence set to double by 2030. People with PD present both motor symptoms (such as tremor, rigidity, slowness of movements, and postural instability) and non-motor symptoms (such as dementia, psychiatric symptoms, and sleep disturbances). The treatment of PD is challenging and is highly individualized. The Taiwan Movement Disorder Society (TMDS) has published its treatment recommendations for PD in 2017. Since then, because the advent of medical and device-aided therapy has developed rapidly, the TMDS has recognized the need to disseminate the updated knowledge about the management of PD. The TMDS acknowledges the importance of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in clinical practice. Therefore, we strive to align our treatment recommendations with EBM principles. Nevertheless, it still needs to be emphasized that therapeutic recommendations should always be tailored to the individual patient, based not only on an accurate understanding of the efficacy and side effect profile of available treatments (the primary focus of guidelines), but also the physician\'s judgment, patient\'s preference, and the regulations of national health insurance. To ensure that the updated Taiwan treatment suggestions are appropriate and feasible, the treatment guideline subcommittee of TMDS referred to the guidelines from the International Movement Disorder Society and other treatment suggestions from United States and Europe concerning the level of evidence, recommendation levels, clinical efficacy, and potential adverse reactions of therapeutics for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. By incorporating the latest research, international guidelines, and treatment suggestions, the TMDS aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date recommendations for the management of PD in Taiwan. These recommendations serve as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals to enhance their understanding of PD treatment options and optimize patient care. Key Words: Parkinson\'s disease; treatment; guidelines; evidence-based medicine.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the discriminative and convergent validity of visual scales for the assessment of movement quality in the single-leg squat.
METHODS: Searches performed in CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases. Studies evaluating discriminative and convergent validity of movement quality visual assessments in single-leg squats were included. The COSMIN risk of bias checklist was used to assess the risk of bias, and certainty of evidence was assessed by the GRADE modified version.
RESULTS: Ten studies evaluating three different methods of visual assessment of the single-leg squat (Crossley scale; Whatman score and Medial knee displacement) were included. Very low certainty evidence suggests that the Crossley scale had sufficient discriminative validity for patient-centred outcomes. Very low to moderate certainty evidence suggests that the three visual methods of assessment of the single-leg squat had insufficient discriminative validity for surrogate outcomes and groups. None of the three methods had the convergent validity assessed.
CONCLUSIONS: The Crossley scale exhibited sufficient discriminative validity for patient-centred outcomes, although the evidence supporting this conclusion is of very low certainty. Visual scales for the assessment of the single-leg squat movement quality should be used with caution in clinical practice as most methods had insufficient discriminative validity and no reports of convergent validity.

Stroke survivors often suffer from movement impairments that significantly affect their daily activities. The advancements in sensor technology and IoT have provided opportunities to automate the assessment and rehabilitation process for stroke survivors. This paper aims to provide a smart post-stroke severity assessment using AI-driven models. With the absence of labelled data and expert assessment, there is a research gap in providing virtual assessment, especially for unlabeled data. Inspired by the advances in consensus learning, in this paper, we propose a consensus clustering algorithm, PSA-NMF, that combines various clusterings into one united clustering, i.e., cluster consensus, to produce more stable and robust results compared to individual clustering. This paper is the first to investigate severity level using unsupervised learning and trunk displacement features in the frequency domain for post-stroke smart assessment. Two different methods of data collection from the U-limb datasets-the camera-based method (Vicon) and wearable sensor-based technology (Xsens)-were used. The trunk displacement method labelled each cluster based on the compensatory movements that stroke survivors employed for their daily activities. The proposed method uses the position and acceleration data in the frequency domain. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed clustering method that uses the post-stroke assessment approach increased the evaluation metrics such as accuracy and F-score. These findings can lead to a more effective and automated stroke rehabilitation process that is suitable for clinical settings, thus improving the quality of life for stroke survivors.

Using an expert consensus-based approach, a netball video analysis consensus (NVAC) group of researchers and practitioners was formed to develop a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions of physical, technical and contextual aspects for netball research. The framework aims to improve the consistency of language used within netball investigations. It also aims to guide injury mechanism reporting and identification of injury risk factors. The development of the framework involved a systematic review of the literature and a Delphi process. In conjunction with commercially used descriptors and definitions, 19 studies were used to create the initial framework of key descriptors and definitions in netball. In a two round Delphi method consensus, each expert rated their level of agreement with each of the descriptors and associated definition on a 5-point Likert scale (1-strongly disagree; 2-somewhat disagree; 3-neither agree nor disagree; 4-somewhat agree; 5-strongly agree). The median (IQR) rating of agreement was 5.0 (0.0), 5.0 (0.0) and 5.0 (0.0) for physical, technical and contextual aspects, respectively. The NVAC group recommends usage of the framework when conducting video analysis research in netball. The use of descriptors and definitions will be determined by the nature of the work and can be combined to incorporate further movements and actions used in netball. The framework can be linked with additional data, such as injury surveillance and microtechnology data.

The objective of this work is to synthesize current knowledge about the effects of maternal physical activity during pregnancy on children\'s health. During the prenatal and postnatal periods, maternal physical activity has protective effects against the risks of macrosomia, obesity, and other associated cardiometabolic disorders. Even though longitudinal studies in humans are still necessary to validate them, these effects have been consistently observed in animal studies. A remarkable effect of maternal physical activity is its positive role on neurogenesis, language development, memory, and other cognitive functions related to learning.

Multiple health-risk behaviours such as physical inactivity, excessive recreational screen time, and insufficient sleep have been independently and positively associated with poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescents. However, little is known about the combined association between 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
The aim of the present study was to examine whether adolescents who meet all three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines report greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and the different foods that comprise it, compared to those who do not meet the three recommendations.
In this cross-sectional study, 1391 Spanish adolescents (13.08 ± 0.85, 44.82% girls), aged 11-16 years, completed self-reported questionnaires on physical activity, recreational screen time, sleep duration and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to predict the likelihood of having an optimal adherence to the Mediterranean diet, as well as different food items, according to the meeting of the three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. Covariates included were age, sex, socioeconomic status, and body mass index (z-score).
Adolescents who met all three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines obtained higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet than those who did not meet with the three recommendations (β = 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81, 1.85, p < 0.001). In addition, those who met all three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines were more likely to consume a fruit and vegetables once a day, consume fish regularly, and eat cereal or grains for breakfast (all, p < 0.05), and less likely to consume commercially baked goods or pastries for breakfast and to eat sweets and candies several times a day (all, p < 0.001), compared to those who did not comply with the three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines.
Since meeting the three 24-Hour Movement Guidelines seems to be associated with Mediterranean diet eating patterns in adolescents, it seems necessary to promote these movement behaviours from the early stages of life.

暂无摘要。

Video-polysomnography (v-PSG) is essential for diagnosing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Although there are current American Academy of Sleep Medicine standards to diagnose RBD, several aspects need to be addressed to achieve harmonization across sleep centers. Prodromal RBD is a stage in which symptoms and signs of evolving RBD are present, but do not yet meet established diagnostic criteria for RBD. However, the boundary between prodromal and definite RBD is still unclear. As a common effort of the Neurophysiology Working Group of the International RBD Study Group, this manuscript addresses the need for comprehensive and unambiguous v-PSG recommendations to diagnose RBD and identify prodromal RBD. These include: (1) standardized v-PSG technical settings; (2) specific considerations for REM sleep scoring; (3) harmonized methods for scoring REM sleep without atonia; (4) consistent methods to analyze video and audio recorded during v-PSGs and to classify movements and vocalizations; (5) clear v-PSG guidelines to diagnose RBD and identify prodromal RBD. Each section follows a common template: The current recommendations and methods are presented, their limitations are outlined, and new recommendations are described. Finally, future directions are presented. These v-PSG recommendations are intended for both practicing clinicians and researchers. Classification and quantification of motor events, RBD episodes, and vocalizations are however intended for research purposes only. These v-PSG guidelines will allow collection of homogeneous data, providing objective v-PSG measures and making future harmonized multicentric studies and clinical trials possible.

During dynamic simulations, residuals are nonphysical generalized forces/moments that dynamically balance external and inertial forces/moments, accounting for data processing and modelling errors. Hicks et al. (2015) made the original residual threshold recommendations for an acceptable simulation, but these thresholds are not based on the dynamic, physics-based movement characteristics. In this study, we present three new, physics-based guidelines for accepting dynamic simulations of movement using zero moment point computations and thresholds for forces, center of pressure, and free moment.
We formulate new guidelines and evaluate them alongside the original 2015 recommendations using two movements: single-leg jump-landing (SLJL) and walking gait. We also present a MATLAB function for users to test if their simulations meet these guidelines.
We found that on average, only 4.3% (SLJL) and 8.2% (walking gait) of the original 2015 residuals volume met all the new physics-based guidelines. The free-moment guideline was the most restrictive for reasonable simulations, especially for high-velocity movements at times with lower vertical ground reaction forces. Additionally, some of the new recommended residuals volume fell outside of the original 2015 recommendations. Moreover, accepting reasonable simulations using different thresholds leads to different joint torques as high as 24 Nm (SLJL) and 8.2 Nm (walking gait).
The physics-based guidelines are overall more restrictive than the original 2015 recommendations and elicit different simulation kinetics.
Using different guidelines may lead to different conclusions and clinical interpretations. We advocate for the physics-based guidelines as they are built upon the dynamic, physics-based characteristics of the movement.