UNASSIGNED: Published literature suggests that sleep duration and quality may be affected in adults with chronic kidney disease. However, the relationship between these two entities remains a matter of debate. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effect of sleep duration and quality on chronic kidney disease.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic review of the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases was conducted for articles pertaining to the association between sleep duration and quality on chronic kidney disease. The main outcome was the hazard/risk ratio of chronic kidney disease in patients of varying sleep durations and quality.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 42 studies (2 613 971 patients) with a mean age of 43.55 ± 14.01 years were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with a reference range of 7 to 8 hours of sleep, short sleep durations of ≤4 hours (RR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.71, P < 0.01), ≤5 hours (RR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.76, P < 0.01), ≤6 hours (RR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.29, P < 0.01), and ≤7 hours (RR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.28, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with an increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Long sleep durations of ≥8 hours (RR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.28, P < 0.01) and ≥9 hours (RR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.68, P < 0.01) were also significantly associated with an increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Meta-regression did not find any significant effect of age, gender, geographical region, and BMI and an association with sleep duration and risk of incident chronic kidney disease.
UNASSIGNED: Both short and long sleep durations were significantly associated with a higher risk of chronic kidney disease. Interventions targeted toward achieving an optimal duration of sleep may reduce the risk of incident chronic kidney disease.

Sleep is essential for every living organism. Humans spend about one-third of their lives sleeping. Sleep has been studied extensively, and the role of sleep in psychological, mental, and physical well-being is established to be the best. The rhythm of the brain between wakefulness and sleep is called the circadian rhythm, which is mainly controlled by melatonin and the pineal gland. The imbalance of this rhythm can lead to devastating effects on health. Vigorous workouts close to bedtime can interfere with falling asleep. Meal timing and composition can significantly affect sleep quality. It is advised to avoid large meals, caffeine, and alcohol before bedtime. Heavy meals close to bedtime can lead to poor sleep and hormone disruption. By following these guidelines enumerated in the article, individuals can improve sleep quality and overall health. Sleep cycles, especially rapid eye movement sleep, have a profound influence on mental and physical health. Adhering to recommended sleep practices enhances bodily restoration, fortifies the immune system, and upholds metabolic equilibrium. Sleep hygiene aligned with circadian rhythms is crucial for disease prevention and well-being. Healthcare professionals should prioritize sleep optimization strategies for patient care and public health.

The prevalence of locomotive syndrome naturally increases with age, but approximately half of nonelderly individuals also meet the criteria for locomotive syndrome, suggesting that even younger people need to pay attention to their own health status. Sleep is important for physical, cognitive, and psychological health. Some individuals with poor sleep quality may be at risk of developing negative health status. Although the effects of sleep hygiene strategies for elderly individuals have been well investigated, optimal nonpharmacological sleep hygiene strategies for improving sleep quality in nonelderly individuals has not been identified. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials aimed to elucidate the effects of various nonpharmacological interventions on sleep quality in nonelderly individuals and to identify the optimal intervention. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and Scopus were comprehensively searched. We identified 27 studies focusing on the effects of various nonpharmacological sleep hygiene strategies in nonelderly individuals, and 24 studies were applied into NMA. The present results showed that resistance training was the most effective intervention for improving sleep quality in nonelderly individuals. In addition, this study revealed the effects of nonpharmacological interventions, such as physical activity, nutritional intervention, as well as exercise interventions. This is the first report that utilized NMA to compare the effects of various nonpharmacological interventions on sleep quality in nonelderly individuals.

There is no consensus on the definition of sleep hygiene and its components. We examined the definition of sleep hygiene based on its use in published studies. Four databases (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were searched from inception until December 31, 2021 for the phrase \'sleep hygiene\' in the title or abstract. We identified 548 relevant studies in adults: 250 observational and 298 intervention studies. A definition of sleep hygiene was provided in only 44% of studies and converged on three themes: behavioural factors, environmental factors, and an aspect of control. Sleep hygiene components were explicitly defined in up to 70% of observational studies, but in only 35% of intervention studies. The most commonly considered components of sleep hygiene were caffeine (in 51% of studies), alcohol (46%), exercise (46%), sleep timing (45%), light (42%), napping (39%), smoking (38%), noise (37%), temperature (34%), wind-down routine (33%), stress (32%), and stimulus control (32%), although the specific details of each component varied. Lack of consistency in definitions of sleep hygiene and its components may hinder communication between researchers, clinicians, and the public, and likely limits the utility of sleep hygiene as an intervention.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disease with a high populational prevalence that is characterized as airway closure during sleep. Treatment is multidisciplinary and varies according to each case. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliances, and surgery are the primary therapeutic options. Non-invasive conservative treatments such as sleep hygiene, positional therapy, physical exercises, and weight loss aim to reduce the worsening of the disease while being complementary to the invasive primary treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of non-invasive conservative therapies on the clinical manifestations of OSA syndrome (OSA), compared with other interventions.
METHODS: This was a systematic review with meta-analysis. The searches were performed without filters for the time period, type of publication, or language. Randomized clinical trials on subjects over 18 years of age diagnosed with untreated OSA were included. Responses to non-invasive conservative treatment were compared with responses to the primary intervention. Primary outcomes were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and/or Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ).
RESULTS: A total of eight studies were included in the review. The heterogeneity of the effect was estimated at 89.77%. Six studies compared conservative treatment with CPAP, one with oral appliances, and one with oropharyngeal exercises. Using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale measurements, the standardized difference in the estimated means, based on the random-effects model, was 0.457 (95% CI (1.082 to 0.169)) and the mean result did not differ significantly from zero (z = 1.43; p = 0.153). The conservative therapies assessed in this study improved the subjective quality of sleep, although the post-treatment ESE scores did not show significant results. The reduction in AHI and better outcomes in the evaluated domains, as well as in cognition and mood, were superior in the groups that received CPAP and IOD.
CONCLUSIONS: The most commonly used treatments of choice for OSA are invasive, including the use of CPAP, oral appliances, and surgeries, being the most utilized options. This study demonstrated that non-invasive conservative treatments, such as sleep hygiene, yield results as effective as invasive treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm this result and to predict whether invasive treatment can be used as the primary treatment or only as a supplement.

OBJECTIVE: Despite a huge body of evidence on the linkage between dietary intakes and pattern of sleeping, the findings are controversial. The current study aimed to summarize earlier findings on the association between adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) and pattern of sleeping.
METHODS: This study performed based on PRISMA guideline. Systematically search was applied in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar to find out relevant publications appeared up to February 2023. No restrictions on language and time of publication were applied. Duplicate citations were removed. We included observational studies which assessed MD as the main exposure and kind of sleep disorders as the main outcome.
RESULTS: A total of 20 observational studies included. Out of these studies, two were cohort studies and 18 had a cross-sectional design. A total of 21,714 participants included. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and a diet history questionnaire. Some studies did not report methods of measuring habitual dietary intakes. Adherence to MD was evaluated by KIDMED questionnaire, PREMED, alternate Mediterranean (aMed) questionnaire, MEDAS questionnaire, MedDietScore, MEDI-LITE score, modified Mediterranean Diet Score (mMDS), Mediterranean food pattern (MFP) and modified Mediterranean diet score (mMED). Pattern of sleeping was examined as sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficacy, sleepiness, sleep disturbance, taking a nap and some other sleep disorders.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, findings of published studies highlighted the importance of consumption of MD for better sleep quality.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review to determine the nature, variety, and volume of empirical evidence on nonpharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances with potential implications for fatigue in adults sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI).
UNASSIGNED: A systematic literature search was conducted across four databases to identify primary studies testing a single non-pharmacological intervention or a combination of non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances and fatigue in community-dwelling adults with TBI.
UNASSIGNED: Sixteen studies were reviewed addressing six non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disruptions and fatigue after TBI including light therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, warm footbath application, shiatsu, and sleep hygiene protocol. Non-pharmacological interventions involving light or cognitive-behavioral therapy were reported in 75% of the studies. Actigraphy-based estimation of total sleep time and subjective level of fatigue were frequent outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: While this scoping review has utility in describing existing non-pharmacological approaches to manage sleep and fatigue after TBI, the findings suggest that interventions are often developed without considering TBI individuals\' source of motivation and the need for support in self-administration. Future studies may achieve greater sustainability by considering the evolving needs of TBI patients and their families and the drivers and barriers that might influence non-pharmacological intervention use at home.

\"Partnership Care Model (PCM)\", which is the first partnership conceptual framework founded on the Iranian culture to control chronic diseases, has been recently used in different fields of nursing research with no levels of valid evidence to support its application. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis sought to clarify the impacts of interventions developed based on PCM on quality of life (QoL), sleep quality, anxiety, and depression among adults and children with chronic diseases.
International data sources (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) and national databases (e.g., SID, MagIran, IranDoc, IRCT) were searched from 2001 to September 23, 2023, to find Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on PCM-driven interventions for the experimental groups versus no intervention or standard care groups. The studies\' methodological quality and evidence quality were rated utilizing the Cochrane risk of bias instruction and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Data were pooled by a random-effects approach employing STATA (vers. 11.2).
Eighteen RCTs, reported in 22 publications, were qualified. The PCM compared to the standard care significantly improved the QoL among both adults (10 effect sizes [ESs], mean difference [MD]: 3.17, P < 0.001) and children (4 ESs, MD: 4.45, P < 0.001). Likewise, the intervention enhanced adults\' sleep quality (3 ESs, MD: 7.15, P < 0.001). The anxiety of adults and children was also significantly lower in the PCM group (4 ESs, MD: -4.52, P = 0.001; 2 ESs, MD: -4.04, P < 0.001, respectively). However, regarding depression, a significant effect of PCM was found only among children (3 ESs, MD: -7.99, P = 0.011). The methodological quality of the studies and the evidence quality were undesirable.
The PCM had a promising influence on the caring of adults and children suffering from chronic diseases. However, additional high-quality RCTs are needed to generate a higher quality of evidence concerning the clinical benefits of the PCM.
CRD42021253790.

Sleep bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible during sleep, is common in children. Sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep. As such, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. This article aims to familiarize physicians with the diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism in children. A search was conducted in May 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms \"Bruxism\" OR \"Teeth grinding\" AND \"sleep\". The search strategy included all observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. According to the International classification of sleep disorders, the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism are (1) the presence of frequent or regular (at least three nights per week for at least three months) tooth grinding sounds during sleep and (2) at least one or more of the following (a) abnormal tooth wear; (b) transient morning jaw muscle fatigue or pain; (c) temporary headache; or (d) jaw locking on awaking. According to the International Consensus on the assessment of bruxism, \"possible\" sleep bruxism can be diagnosed based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep; \"probable\" sleep bruxism based on self-report or report from family members of tooth-grinding sounds during sleep plus clinical findings suggestive of bruxism (e.g., abnormal tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles, or tongue/lip indentation); \"definite\" sleep bruxism based on the history and clinical findings and confirmation by polysomnography, preferably combined with video and audio recording. Although polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, because of the high cost, lengthy time involvement, and the need for high levels of technical competence, polysomnography is not available for use in most clinical settings. On the other hand, since sleep bruxism occurs while the patient is asleep, diagnosis can be difficult as the affected child is usually unaware of the tooth grinding sounds. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of sleep bruxism is often based on the history (e.g., reports of grinding noises during sleep) and clinical findings (e.g., tooth wear, hypertrophy and/or tenderness of masseter muscles). In childhood, sleep-bruxism is typically self-limited and does not require specific treatment. Causative or triggering factors should be eliminated if possible. The importance of sleep hygiene cannot be over-emphasized. Bedtime should be relaxed and enjoyable. Mental stimulation and physical activity should be limited before going to bed. For adults with frequent and severe sleep bruxism who do not respond to the above measures, oral devices can be considered to protect teeth from further damage during bruxism episodes. As the orofacial structures are still developing in the pediatric age group, the benefits and risks of using oral devices should be taken into consideration. Pharmacotherapy is not a favorable option and is rarely used in children. Current evidence on the effective interventions for the management of sleep bruxism in children is inconclusive. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for specific treatment at this time.

Worldwide, approximately one in three people are myopic or short-sighted. Myopia in children is of particular concern as younger onset age implies a higher risk of progression, and consequently greater risk of developing vision-threatening complications. The importance of sleep in children\'s health has long been acknowledged, but evidence for its role in childhood myopia is fairly new and mixed results were presented across studies. To facilitate better understanding of this relationship, a broad literature search, up to and including October 31, 2022, was performed using three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus). Seventeen studies were included in the review, covering four main aspects of sleep, namely duration, quality, timing, and efficiency, and their associations with myopia in children. The present literature review discussed these studies, revealed potential limitations in their methodologies, and identified gaps that need to be addressed in the future. The review also acknowledges that current evidence is insufficient, and the role of sleep in childhood myopia is far from being fully understood. Future studies that primarily, objectively, and accurately assess sleep and myopia, taking other characteristics of sleep beyond duration into consideration, with a more diverse sample in terms of age, ethnicity, and cultural/environmental background, and control for confounders such as light exposure and education load are much needed. Although more research is required, myopia management should be a holistic approach and the inclusion of sleep hygiene in myopia education targeting children and parents ought to be encouraged.