Adolescence is a time when important decisions about the future are made and vulnerability to mental health problems increases. We reviewed longitudinal studies examining the reciprocal pathways between future-related thinking (hopelessness, hope, optimism/positive future expectations) and adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. Evidence from 22 studies (N = 10,682) found that negative future-related thinking predicted subsequent depression (r = 0.27, p < .001), an effect still significant after controlling for baseline depression (r = 0.23, p < .001). Higher hopelessness (r = 0.34, p < .001), lower hope (r = 0.16, p < .001), and reduced optimism/positive future expectations (r = 0.18, p < .001) were associated with subsequently increased depressive symptoms. Negative future-related thinking also predicted later increased anxiety symptoms (r = 0.15, p = .021). Concerning the reciprocal pathway, depressive symptoms were associated with later negative future-related thinking (r = 0.32, p < .001), which remained after baseline levels of future-related thinking were controlled (r = 0.07, p = .02). There were insufficient studies to infer reciprocal links between anxiety and future-related thinking. Our analyses provided evidence of a reciprocal developmental relationship between depressive symptoms and future-related thinking, implying a negative cycle. Identifying precursors of this cycle could provide the basis for depression prevention in adolescents and promote better decision-making about the future.

Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis show impairment in executive function (EF). However, findings are mixed regarding differences in the age effect on EF between autistic individuals and persons with typical development (TD). Questions remain regarding whether the age-related trajectories of EF in ASD are the same as or different from those in TD. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies that compared age-related changes in EF between ASD and TD groups (preregistration: osf.io/j5764). A literature search was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science on January 29, 2024. After screening by two independent reviewers, 14 longitudinal studies were included. Random-effects meta-analyses of studies involving a maximum total of 518 autistic and 3558 TD children and adolescents (mean baseline ages: 5.7-12.0 years) showed that ASD had significantly poorer EF than TD at both baseline and follow-up. However, there was no significant group difference in the age-related change in EF across domains, including working memory, inhibition, shifting, and planning. Robust Bayesian meta-analyses also provided substantial evidence in favor of the null hypothesis that ASD and TD groups showed similar changes over time for most EF processes. Limitations of the literature included the limited number of longitudinal studies and a narrow range of developmental stages and EF constructs analyzed across studies. Altogether, these findings suggest that autistic children and adolescents generally can improve in EF over time similarly to their neurotypical peers. This has important implications for parents and educators, encouraging appropriate EF training and intervention for autistic children and adolescents at an early stage.

The bidirectional associations between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with temporal directionality remain inconclusive. This study aims to evaluate the bidirectional associations between periodontitis and IBD through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched from inception to 27 February 2024. Two independent reviewers performed a review of the retrieved studies. Longitudinal studies, including cohort and nested case-control studies, were considered eligible for the study design. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and hazard ratio (HR) derived from the meta-analysis were used to assess whether periodontitis (or IBD) was a risk factor for IBD (or periodontitis). Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to evaluate the reliability of the results. Four studies (n = 10 270 912) on the risk of IBD in patients with periodontitis and two (n = 33 420) on the risk of periodontitis in patients with IBD were included. The result suggested that periodontitis did not increase the risk of IBD (pooled RR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.09; p = .164; I-squared statistic [I2] = 27%). For subtypes of IBD, periodontitis was associated with the occurrence of ulcerative colitis (UC) (pooled RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04-1.21; p = .003; I2 = 38%), but not with Crohn\'s disease (CD) (pooled RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.92-1.04; p = .475; I2 = 0%). Specifically, the risk of UC was higher among men (pooled HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.22; p = .025; I2 = 0%) and smokers (pooled HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07-1.42; p = .004; I2 = 0%) with periodontitis than their counterparts without periodontitis. Patients with IBD may have a higher risk of developing periodontitis (pooled HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.26-1.49; p < .001; I2 = 18%); however, whether IBD subtypes increased the occurrence of periodontitis remained uncertain. The TSA results confirmed the reliability of the primary findings. Based on limited longitudinal evidence, patients with periodontitis do not exhibit an increased risk of developing IBD overall, but they are at increased risk of UC (not CD). On the contrary, patients with IBD have a higher risk of developing periodontitis over time. More high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to determine the effect of specific subtypes of IBD on periodontitis.

Objective: Synthesize longitudinal research evaluating neighborhood environments and cognition to identify methodological approaches, findings, and gaps. Methods: Included studies evaluated associations between neighborhood and cognition longitudinally among adults >45 years (or mean age of 65 years) living in developed nations. We extracted data on sample characteristics, exposures, outcomes, methods, overall findings, and assessment of disparities. Results: Forty studies met our inclusion criteria. Most (65%) measured exposure only once and a majority focused on green space and/or blue space (water), neighborhood socioeconomic status, and recreation/physical activity facilities. Similarly, over half studied incident impairment, cognitive function or decline (70%), with one examining MRI (2.5%) or Alzheimer\'s disease (7.5%). While most studies used repeated measures analysis to evaluate changes in the brain health outcome (51%), many studies did not account for any type of correlation within neighborhoods (35%). Less than half evaluated effect modification by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and/or sex/gender. Evidence was mixed and dependent on exposure or outcome assessed. Conclusion: Although longitudinal research evaluating neighborhood and cognitive decline has expanded, gaps remain in types of exposures, outcomes, analytic approaches, and sample diversity.

BACKGROUND: Successfully recruiting male participants to complete a healthcare related study is important for healthcare study completion and to advance our clinical knowledgebase. To date, most research studies have examined the barriers and facilitators of female participants in longitudinal healthcare-related studies with limited information available about the needs of males in longitudinal research. This systematic review examines the unique barriers and facilitators to male recruitment across longitudinal healthcare-related research studies.
METHODS: Following PRIMSA guidelines, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science databases were systematically searched using the terms recruitment and/or retention, facilitators and/or barriers and longitudinal studies from 1900 to 2023 which contained separate data on males aged 17-59 years. Health studies or interventions were defined longitudinal if they were greater than or equal to 12 weeks in duration with 3 separate data collection visits.
RESULTS: Twenty-four articles published from 1976-2023 met the criteria. One-third of the studies had a predominantly male sample and four studies recruited only male participants. Males appear disinterested towards participation in health research, however this lack of enthusiasm can be overcome by clear, non-directive communication, and studies that support the participants interests. Facilitating factors are diverse and may require substantial time from research teams.
CONCLUSIONS: Future research should focus on the specific impact of these factors across the spectrum of longitudinal health-related studies. Based on the findings of this systematic review, researchers from longitudinal health-related clinical trials are encouraged to consider male-specific recruitment strategies to ensure successful recruitment and retention in their studies.
BACKGROUND: This systemic review is registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42021254696).

Prospective longitudinal studies mainly conclude on a causal role of e-cigarettes in the initiation of cigarettes in flagrant contradiction with conclusions drawn from epidemiology and other studies showing a sharp decline in cigarette use in parallel with the spread of e-cigarette use. This systematic review explores the reasons for this discrepancy.
Among 84 publications on e-cigarette/cigarette association in adolescents identified in the Medline database from 2011 to 2022, 23 concern 22 never-smoker longitudinal sub-cohorts.
A link between e-cigarette experimentation at T1 and cigarette initiation at T2 is reported in sub-cohort analyses of never-smokers (AOR: 1.41 to 8.30). However, studies exclude 64.3% of T1 e-cigarette experimenters (because of dual-use) and 74.1% of T2 cigarette experimenters. With this study design, e-cigarettes contribute only to 5.3% of T2 cigarette experimentation, casting major doubt on the external validity of results and authors\' conclusions that e-cigarettes have a significant effect on the initiation of cigarettes (Gateway effect) at the population level. This sub-cohort design prohibits highlighting any Diversion effect, which is the most likely mechanism accounting for the competition between these two products.
While nicotine abstinence remains the best medical option, over-regulation of e-cigarettes because of misinterpretation of longitudinal study results may be detrimental to public health and tobacco control.

Understanding the neurodevelopmental trajectories of infants and children is essential for the early identification of neurodevelopmental disorders, elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying the disorders, and predicting developmental outcomes. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an infant-friendly neuroimaging tool that enables the monitoring of cerebral hemodynamic responses from the neonatal period. Due to its advantages, fNIRS is a promising tool for studying neurodevelopmental trajectories. Although many researchers have used fNIRS to study neural development in infants/children and have reported important findings, there is a lack of synthesized evidence for using fNIRS to track neurodevelopmental trajectories in infants and children. The current systematic review summarized 84 original fNIRS studies and showed a general trend of age-related increase in network integration and segregation, interhemispheric connectivity, leftward asymmetry, and differences in phase oscillation during resting-state. Moreover, typically developing infants and children showed a developmental trend of more localized and differentiated activation when processing visual, auditory, and tactile information, suggesting more mature and specialized sensory networks. Later in life, children switched from recruiting bilateral auditory to a left-lateralized language circuit when processing social auditory and language information and showed increased prefrontal activation during executive functioning tasks. The developmental trajectories are different in children with developmental disorders, with infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder showing initial overconnectivity followed by underconnectivity during resting-state; and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders showing lower prefrontal cortex activation during executive functioning tasks compared to their typically developing peers throughout childhood. The current systematic review supports the use of fNIRS in tracking the neurodevelopmental trajectories in children. More longitudinal studies are needed to validate the neurodevelopmental trajectories and explore the use of these neurobiomarkers for the early identification of developmental disorders and in tracking the effects of interventions.

The purpose of this integrative review is to identify literature describing (a) subgrouping patients with cancer based on symptom experiences and their patterns of symptom changes over time and (b) methodologies of subgrouping patients with cancer based on symptom experiences.
PubMed®, CINAHL®, and PsycINFO® were searched through January 2019.
Studies were appraised for patterns of symptom change over time and methodologic approach using the QualSyst quality rating scale.
11 studies met inclusion criteria. Clinical variables that influence symptom patterns were diverse. The most common clustering method was latent variable analysis (73%), and all studies collected symptom data prospectively using survey analysis to assess symptoms.
The majority of studies (91%) observed that the symptom experience within the group of patients with cancer changed over time. Identifying groups of patients with similar symptom experiences is useful to determine which patients need more intensive symptom management over the trajectory of cancer treatment, which is essential to improve symptoms and quality of life.

Sleep difficulties increase the risk of current and future depression, but it is unclear if this relationship is causal.
Prospective cohort study of a community sample of men aged 70-89 years followed for up to 17 years. Initial assessments occurred between 2001 and 2004. Participants were followed until death or 31 December 2018. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) ≥ 10 at subsequent waves of assessments (every 2-3 years) or the recorded diagnosis of a depressive disorder in the Western Australian Data Linkage System marked the onset of depression during follow up. We excluded from follow up men with prevalent depression. The systematic review of longitudinal studies examining the association between disrupted sleep and depression in later life followed PRISMA guidelines.
3441 of 5547 older men reported sleep difficulties at study entry. Current or past depression affected 437 of 5547 participants. Of the 4561 older men free of depression, 2693 reported sleep difficulties. The hazard ratio (HR) of incident depression among participants with sleep problems was 1.67 (95%CI = 1.39-2.00). Statistical adjustments for age, place of birth, education, smoking and physical frailty did not change the effect-size of this association. The systematic review identified another 14 studies, and the meta-analysis yielded an overall risk ratio of depression of 1.82 (95%CI = 1.69-1.97), although the overall quality of available evidence was sub-optimal.
Disrupted sleep increases the risk of depression in later life and this seems unlikely to be due to reverse causality. Older adults with sleep difficulties are legitimate targets of interventions to prevent depression.

The Tromsø Intervention Study on Preterms (TISP) randomized 146 preterm born children (<2000 g) either to the Mother-Infant Transaction Program-Modified (MITP-M, n = 72) or to a preterm control group (n = 74). In addition, 75 full-term babies were followed up until 9 years of age. TISP was conducted at the University Hospital Northern Norway (UNN) and only infants who did not have congenital anomalies and families where the mothers’ native language was Norwegian were included. The study investigates the effect of MITP-M on cognitive and social development including behavioral problems, quality of life and stress in the family. The results have so far been published in various journals. The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive overall presentation of the main findings and discuss implications for clinical practice and further research. Parents in the intervention group were superior in “reading” their infants’ temperament, and at 3, 5 and 7 years of age the intervention group scored significantly higher on well-known tests of cognitive outcome. At 9 years of age, the intervention group had fewer attentional problems, better school achievements and a better quality of life. From the first year onwards, mothers and fathers in the intervention group reported lower levels of stress than parents of in the preterm control group.