Inflorescence

花序
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    大麻(大麻)是属于大麻科的一年生植物,具有几种具有不同脂肪酸谱的品种,黄酮类化合物的含量,多酚,和大麻素化合物。大麻主要作为油或蛋白质蛋糕用于牲畜营养,但不是花序。这项研究的目的是评估饲粮大麻花序对放牧奶山羊的产奶量和成分的影响。20只亚洲羊处于第三胎,平均体重为45.2±2.0公斤,开玩笑后,平均分为两组(G:放牧和GH:放牧和大麻)。三个月来,所有山羊都在永久性牧场上喂食,并接受700/头/天的浓缩;GH组的饮食中补充了20g/头/天的大麻花序。试验期间山羊的体重没有变化。每天记录个体产奶量,并且每20天收集样品用于化学组成和脂肪酸谱分析。产奶量和化学成分没有发现显着差异。己酸(C6:0)(1.80vs.GH组牛奶中的1.74%;p<0.01)和月桂酸(C12:0)显着升高(4.83vs.4.32%;p<0.01)以及亚油酸(C18:2)(2.04vs.1.93%;p<0.05),肾上腺酸(C22:4)(0.046vs.0.031%,p<0.05),omega-6/omega-3比率(3.17vs.2.93,p<0.05)和总共轭亚油酸(CLAs)(0.435vs.0.417%;p<0.01)。这项研究的结果表明,在放牧山羊的饮食中补充大麻花序可能会通过增加其CLA和其他有益脂肪酸的含量来增强牛奶的营养特性。
    Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual plant belonging to the family of Cannabaceae with several varieties characterized by different fatty acid profile, content in flavonoids, polyphenols, and cannabinoid compounds. Hemp is mostly used in livestock nutrition as oil or as protein cake, but not as inflorescences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary hemp inflorescences on milk yield and composition in grazing dairy goats. Twenty Camosciata delle Alpi goats at their 3rd parity and with a mean body weight of 45.2 ± 2.0 kg, immediately after kidding, were equally allocated into two groups (G: Grazing and GH: grazing and hemp). For three months, all goats were fed on a permanent pasture and received 700/head/day of concentrate; diet of group GH was supplemented with 20 g/head/day of hemp inflorescences. Goats\' body weight did not change during the trial. Individual milk yield was daily recorded and samples collected every 20 days for chemical composition and fatty acid profile analysis. No significant differences were found for milk yield and chemical composition. Caproic (C6:0) (1.80 vs. 1.74%; p < 0.01) and lauric acids (C12:0) were significantly higher in milk of group GH (4.83 vs. 4.32%; p < 0.01) as well as linoleic (C18:2) (2.04 vs. 1.93%; p < 0.05), adrenic acid (C22:4) (0.046 vs. 0.031%, p < 0.05), omega-6/omega-3 ratio (3.17 vs. 2.93, p < 0.05) and total conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) (0.435 vs. 0.417%; p < 0.01). The results of this study suggest that the supplementation of grazing goats\' diet with hemp inflorescences may enhance the milk nutritional characteristics by increasing its content of CLAs and other beneficial fatty acids.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在小麦中,花序分生组织向末端小穗的过渡(IM→TS)决定了每穗的小穗数(SNS),一个重要的产量组成部分。在这项研究中,我们证明了植物特异性转录因子LEAFY(LFY)在物理和遗传上与WHEATORTHOLOGOFAPO1(WAPO1)相互作用,以调节SNS和小花的发育。其中一个或两个基因的功能缺失突变导致SNS显著和相似的减少,由于每天小穗分生组织形成率降低。SNS还受到LFY与SQUAMOSAMADS-box基因VRN1和FUL2之间的显着遗传相互作用的调节,从而促进IM→TS转换。单分子荧光原位杂交显示,在IM→TS转换过程中,LFY的下调和SQUAMOSAMADS-box基因的上调。支持它们在小麦SNS调控中的相反作用。同时,发育中的小穗中LFY和WAPO1转录域的重叠有助于小花的正常发育。了解调节SNS的遗传网络是设计这一重要农艺性状的必要的第一步。
    In wheat, the transition of the inflorescence meristem to a terminal spikelet (IM→TS) determines the spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important yield component. In this study, we demonstrate that the plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) physically and genetically interacts with WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1) to regulate SNS and floret development. Loss-of-function mutations in either or both genes result in significant and similar reductions in SNS, as a result of a reduction in the rate of spikelet meristem formation per day. SNS is also modulated by significant genetic interactions between LFY and the SQUAMOSA MADS-box genes VRN1 and FUL2, which promote the IM→TS transition. Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a downregulation of LFY and upregulation of the SQUAMOSA MADS-box genes in the distal part of the developing spike during the IM→TS transition, supporting their opposite roles in the regulation of SNS in wheat. Concurrently, the overlap of LFY and WAPO1 transcription domains in the developing spikelets contributes to normal floret development. Understanding the genetic network regulating SNS is a necessary first step to engineer this important agronomic trait.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    富含CBD的大麻菌株的分泌腔内容物和风干花序提取物的研究,大麻cv.\'樱桃酒\',进行比较两组之间的酸性大麻素的脱羧率。通过玻璃微毛细血管从头状茎状腺毛中获得的分泌腔内容物,通过高压液相色谱法分析在室温下在黑暗中风干15天的花序样品。与分泌腔样品相比,在空气干燥的花序样品中,酸性大麻素与总大麻素的比率在0.5%至2.4%的范围内如下。在分泌腔内容物中,酸性大麻素占总大麻素的百分比被测量为86.4%大麻二酚酸(CBDA),6.5%四氢大麻酚酸(THCA),4.3%大麻色甲酸(CBCA),1.4%大麻酚酸(CBGA),和0.6%的大麻二酚酸(CBDVA),分别。在风干的花序中,然而,用84%的CBDA检测到酸性大麻素,4.8%THCA,3.3%CBCA,0.8%CBGA,和0.3%Δ9-四氢甘蓝酸(Δ9-THCVA),分别。在分泌腔内容物中,大麻二酚(CBD)与大麻二酚(CBDA)的比例接近1:99(w/w),然而,在风干的花序中大约为1:20(w/w)。此外,仅在风干的花序样品中检测到Δ9-四氢大麻酚(Δ9-THCV)和Δ9-四氢大麻酚(Δ9-THCVA),Δ9-THCV与Δ9-THCVA的比率为约1:20(w/w)。此外,仅在分泌腔内容物中观察到大麻二酚酸(CBDVA)。
    Studies with secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts of the CBD-rich hemp strain, Cannabis sativa cv. \'Cherry Wine\', were conducted to compare the decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between two groups. The secretory cavity contents acquired from the capitate-stalked glandular trichomes by glass microcapillaries, and inflorescence samples air-dried for 15 days of storage in darkness at room temperature were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ratio of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was ranging from 0.5% to 2.4% lower in the air-dried inflorescence samples compared to the secretory cavity samples as follows. In the secretory cavity content, the percentage of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was measured as 86.4% cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 6.5% tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), 4.3% cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), 1.4% cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and 0.6% cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), respectively. In the air-dried inflorescence, however, the acidic cannabinoids were detected with 84% CBDA, 4.8% THCA, 3.3% CBCA, 0.8% CBGA, and 0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA), respectively. The ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was close to 1:99 (w/w) in secretory cavity contents, however, it was roughly 1:20 (w/w) in the air-dried inflorescence. In addition, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) were only detected in the air-dried inflorescence sample, and the ratio of Δ9-THCV to Δ9-THCVA was about 1:20 (w/w). Besides, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) was only observed in the secretory cavity content.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这项研究调查了使用Ficusreligiosa花序(peepal树)作为从模拟和工业废水中去除结晶紫的有效解决方案的潜力。进行了各种分析,以了解吸附剂的结构,包括颗粒形态,BET表面积,FTIR,和pHZPC。研究了温度等不同物理化学因素下的吸附过程,浓度,接触时间,和pH。结果显示快速吸附,在中性pH下的前15分钟内具有94.15%的去除效率。观察到的最高吸附容量为198.03mgg-1,遵循伪二级动力学(R2=0.99),表明化学吸附。Langmuir模型准确地描述了吸附途径(R2=0.99),显示单层吸附。热力学分析表明放热,可行,和熵增加的自发过程。吸附剂可以使用1:1的MeOH/H2O混合物轻松再生多达三个循环,收益率高达73.86%。对含有结晶紫的工业废水的实时应用显示高达44.70%的吸附。实验证明了可靠性,评估的标准偏差(0.017935-0.000577)和相对标准偏差(0.439-0.673%),确认统计可靠性。总之,它提出了一种可持续和生态友好的方法,用于从各种废水来源中去除结晶紫染料。
    This study investigates the potential of using Ficus religiosa inflorescence (peepal tree) as an efficient solution for removing crystal violet from simulated and industrial wastewater. Various analyses were conducted to understand the adsorbent\'s structure, including particle morphology, BET surface area, FTIR, and pHZPC. The adsorption process was studied under different physicochemical factors such as temperature, concentration, contact time, and pH. Results revealed rapid adsorption, with 94.15% removal efficiency within the first 15 min at neutral pH. The highest observed adsorption capacity was 198.03 mg g-1, following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.99), indicating chemisorption. The Langmuir model accurately described the adsorption pathway (R2 = 0.99), showing monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis indicated an exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous process with increased entropy. The adsorbent could be easily regenerated using a 1:1 MeOH/H2O mixture for up to three cycles, yielding up to 73.86%. Real-time application with industrial effluent containing crystal violet showed up to 44.70% adsorption. The experiments demonstrated reliability with evaluated standard deviations (0.017935-0.000577) and relative standard deviations (0.439-0.673%), confirming statistical reliability. In conclusion, it presents a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for removing crystal violet dye from diverse wastewater sources.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    开花植物调整其生育期,以最大限度地提高后代的成功。单果植物,那些在植物衰老和死亡之前有单一生殖周期的人,严格调节开花开始和开花停止。开花期的结束涉及花序分生组织活动的停止,被称为增殖停滞,这被解释为一种进化适应,以最大程度地将资源分配给种子生产和后代的生存能力。几十年前,对几种单果植物物种描述了影响增殖停滞的因素,但是仅在最近几年中,在拟南芥中进行的研究才允许通过研究生理学来全面地进行增殖停滞调节,激素动力学,和遗传因素参与其调节。然而,这些研究仍然限于拟南芥,并且有必要将我们的知识扩展到其他单果物种,以提出控制该过程的一般机制。在这项工作中,我们的特征是Pisumsativum的增殖停滞,试图平行拟南芥的可用研究,以最大限度地提高这一比较框架。我们定量评估了水果/种子在这个过程中的作用,这些果实/种子在花序分生组织行为中的位置效应的影响,以及与分生组织停滞状态相关的花序转录组变化。我们的结果支持在豌豆和拟南芥中引发停滞的因素的高度保守性,但也揭示了差异,加强了在其他物种中进行类似研究的需要。
    Flowering plants adjust their reproductive period to maximize the success of the offspring. Monocarpic plants, those with a single reproductive cycle that precedes plant senescence and death, tightly regulate both flowering initiation and flowering cessation. The end of the flowering period involves the arrest of the inflorescence meristem activity, known as proliferative arrest, in what has been interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to maximize the allocation of resources to seed production and the viability of the progeny. Factors influencing proliferative arrest were described for several monocarpic plant species many decades ago, but only in the last few years studies performed in Arabidopsis have allowed to approach proliferative arrest regulation in a comprehensive manner by studying the physiology, hormone dynamics, and genetic factors involved in its regulation. However, these studies remain restricted to Arabidopsis and there is a need to expand our knowledge to other monocarpic species to propose general mechanisms controlling the process. In this work, we have characterized proliferative arrest in Pisum sativum, trying to parallel available studies in Arabidopsis to maximize this comparative framework. We have assessed quantitatively the role of fruits/seeds in the process, the influence of the positional effect of these fruits/seeds in the behavior of the inflorescence meristem, and the transcriptomic changes in the inflorescence associated with the arrested state of the meristem. Our results support a high conservation of the factors triggering arrest in pea and Arabidopsis, but also reveal differences reinforcing the need to perform similar studies in other species.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    慢性口腔炎症和生物膜介导的感染导致龋齿和牙周炎等疾病。这项研究调查了来自Astilbechinensis花序(GA-13-6)的乙醇提取物作为具有治疗潜力的天然复合物质(NCS)的突出候选物的抗炎和抗菌潜力。在LPS刺激的RAW264.7巨噬细胞中,GA-13-6显著抑制促炎介质,包括白细胞介素-6(IL-6),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF),和一氧化氮(NO),超越纯化的astilbin,在A.chinensis中发现的一种已知的生物活性化合物。此外,GA-13-6下调环氧合酶-2(COX2)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达,表明对炎症级联反应的抑制作用。值得注意的是,GA-13-6对变形链球菌具有选择性抗菌活性,血链球菌,牙龈卟啉单胞菌,龋齿和牙周炎的关键人物,分别。这些发现表明,复杂的GA-13-6具有治疗或预防牙周和牙齿疾病的潜力,以及其他各种与炎症相关的疾病,同时避免诱导抗生素耐药性。
    Chronic oral inflammation and biofilm-mediated infections drive diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of an ethanol extract from Astilbe chinensis inflorescence (GA-13-6) as a prominent candidate for natural complex substances (NCS) with therapeutic potential. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, GA-13-6 significantly suppressed proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nitric oxide (NO), surpassing purified astilbin, a known bioactive compound found in A. chinensis. Furthermore, GA-13-6 downregulated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory cascade. Remarkably, GA-13-6 exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, key players in dental caries and periodontitis, respectively. These findings suggest that complex GA-13-6 holds the potential for the treatment or prevention of periodontal and dental diseases, as well as various other inflammation-related conditions, while averting the induction of antibiotic resistance.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    大麻中存在的植物大麻素是具有有趣药理活性的独特次级代谢产物。在这项研究中,研究了四个大麻品种中热诱导(60和120°C)植物大麻素反应的动力学。采用UHPLC-HRMS/MS,40种植物大麻素参与目标分析,另外281种具有大麻素样结构的化合物和258种非大麻素生物活性化合物进行了可疑筛选。不出所料,关键反应是酸性植物大麻素的脱羧反应。然而,速率常数在大麻品种之间有所不同,记录此过程的矩阵依赖性。除了酸性物种的中性对应物,在加热的样品中发现了生物活性化合物,如羟醌。此外,在大麻在120°C加热期间,记录了具有大麻素样和非大麻素结构的其他生物活性化合物的变化。数据记录了热诱导过程的复杂性,并进一步了解了在这种条件下发生的生物活性变化。
    Phytocannabinoids occurring in Cannabis Sativa L. are unique secondary metabolites possessing interesting pharmacological activities. In this study, the dynamics of thermally induced (60 and 120 °C) phytocannabinoid reactions in four cannabis varieties were investigated. Using UHPLC-HRMS/MS, 40 phytocannabinoids were involved in target analysis, and an additional 281 compounds with cannabinoid-like structures and 258 non-cannabinoid bioactive compounds were subjected to suspect screening. As expected, the key reaction was the decarboxylation of acidic phytocannabinoids. Nevertheless, the rate constants differed among cannabis varieties, documenting the matrix-dependence of this process. Besides neutral counterparts of acidic species, ́neẃ bioactive compounds such as hydroxyquinones were found in heated samples. In addition, changes in other bioactive compounds with both cannabinoid-like and non-cannabinoid structures were documented during cannabis heating at 120 °C. The data document the complexity of heat-induced processes and provide a further understanding of changes in bioactivities occurring under such conditions.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    花序的形态结构影响种子的生产。苜蓿(紫花苜蓿)花序伸长的调节机制尚不清楚。因此,在这项研究中,我们对转录组进行了比较分析,蛋白质组,和两个极端材料在三个发育阶段的代谢组,以探索紫花苜蓿花序伸长的机制。我们观察了长花序和短花序的发育过程,发现长花序的苜蓿的伸长能力强于短花序的苜蓿。此外,转录组和蛋白质组的综合分析表明,类苯丙素生物合成途径与花序的结构形成密切相关。此外,我们基于苯丙素生物合成中涉及的差异表达基因和蛋白质(DEGs和DEPs),确定了与木质素生物合成相关的关键基因和蛋白质。此外,靶向激素代谢组分析显示IAA,GA,CK在苜蓿花序的花序梗伸长中起重要作用。基于组学分析,我们检测了与植物激素生物合成和信号转导相关的关键基因和蛋白。从WGCNA和WPCNA的结果来看,我们进一步筛选了与木质素生物合成相关的28个候选基因和6个关键蛋白,植物激素生物合成,和信号通路。此外,使用相关性分析发现了19个关键转录因子,它们可能在调节候选基因中起作用。本研究揭示了苜蓿花序伸长的分子机制,为提高苜蓿种子产量奠定了理论基础。
    The morphological architecture of inflorescence influences seed production. The regulatory mechanisms underlying alfalfa (Medicago sativa) inflorescence elongation remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of two extreme materials at three developmental stages to explore the mechanisms underlying inflorescence elongation in alfalfa. We observed the developmental processes of long and short inflorescences and found that the elongation capacity of alfalfa with long inflorescence was stronger than that of alfalfa with short inflorescences. Furthermore, integrative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was closely correlated with the structural formation of the inflorescence. Additionally, we identified key genes and proteins associated with lignin biosynthesis based on the differential expressed genes and proteins (DEGs and DEPs) involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Moreover, targeted hormone metabolome analysis revealed that IAA, GA, and CK play an important role in the peduncle elongation of alfalfa inflorescences. Based on omics analysis, we detected key genes and proteins related to plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction. From the WGCNA and WPCNA results, we furthermore screened 28 candidate genes and six key proteins that were correlated with lignin biosynthesis, plant hormone biosynthesis, and signaling pathways. In addition, 19 crucial transcription factors were discovered using correlation analysis that might play a role in regulating candidate genes. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of inflorescence elongation in alfalfa and establishes a theoretical foundation for improving alfalfa seed production.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与拟南芥的多种生长和发育相关过程。然而,它们在水稻中的作用是未知的。这里,在发育中的花序中检测到OsANX表达,成熟的花粉粒,和生长的花粉管,定位于花粉粒和烟草表皮细胞的质膜上。纯合osanx后代不能与CRISPR/Cas9编辑的突变体osanx-c1+/-和osanx-c2+/-分离,并且这样的后代仅偶尔与osanx-c3/-分离。Further,所有三个等位基因都显示了osanx男性但没有雌配子传递缺陷,与osanx-c3的花粉管过早破裂一致。此外,osanx-c3表现出早熟开花,过度分枝的花序,和1.4%的极低结实率,与Nip相比,osanx-c2/-和osanx-c3/-在花序发育或结实率方面没有明显缺陷。与此一致,互补系pPS1:OsANX-GFP/osanx-c2(PSC),其中OsANX表达的缺乏是花序特异性的,表现出稍早的开花和过度分枝的圆锥花序。osanx-c3中的多个花序分生组织过渡相关和花序结构相关基因的表达水平高于野生型Nip;因此,它们可以部分解释上述突变表型。我们的发现拓宽了我们对水稻中OsANX生物学功能的理解。
    CrRLK1L subfamily members are involved in diverse growth- and development-related processes in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of their counterparts in rice are unknown. Here, OsANX expression was detected in developing inflorescences, mature pollen grains, and growing pollen tubes, and it was localized to the plasma membrane in pollen grains and tobacco epidermal cells. Homozygous osanx progeny could not be segregated from the CRISPR/Cas9-edited mutants osanx-c1+/- and osanx-c2+/-, and such progeny were segregated only occasionally from osanx-c3+/-. Further, all three alleles showed osanx male but not female gamete transmission defects, in line with premature pollen tube rupture in osanx-c3. Additionally, osanx-c3 exhibited precocious flowering, excessively branched inflorescences, and an extremely low seed setting rate of 1.4 %, while osanx-c2+/- and osanx-c3+/- had no obvious defects in inflorescence development or the seed setting rate compared to wild-type Nipponbare (Nip). Consistent with this, the complemented line pPS1:OsANX-GFP/osanx-c2 (PSC), in which the lack of OsANX expression was inflorescence-specific, showed slightly earlier flowering and overly-branched panicles. Multiple inflorescence meristem transition-related and inflorescence architecture-related genes were expressed at higher levels in osanx-c3 than in Nip; thus, they may partially account for the aforementioned mutant phenotypes. Our findings broaden our understanding of the biological functions of OsANX in rice.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这是首次尝试报道体细胞胚的共现,射击,和花序及其通过对任何被子植物的形态组织学研究从单个愈伤组织的干细胞壁龛中依次发育。在存在适当的生长素/细胞分裂素组合的情况下,来自致密愈伤组织中间层的胫骨前干细胞,它来自补血草的花序轴的薄细胞层,表达了最高水平的全能性和多能性,同时发育的体细胞胚,射击,和花序。本研究还提出了双极体细胞胚胎和单极芽芽模式形成过程中程序性细胞死亡的概念。这项研究的独特之处在于对体外总状花序发育的逐步组织学描述。值得注意的是,在花序发育的开始,观察到具有开放血管元素的单极结构或具有闭合血管元素的独立双极结构。该方案预测了6.6±0.24和7.4±0.24体细胞胚和芽的产生,分别,从400毫克的愈伤组织,再次成倍增加,根植,并适应。在适应之前,通过流式细胞术和简单序列重复(ISSR)标记分析随机评估植物的倍性水平和遗传保真度。最后,在田间评估了再生植物的生存能力和花质量。
    This is the first attempt to report the co-occurrence of somatic embryos, shoots, and inflorescences and their sequential development from stem cell niches of an individual callus mass through morpho-histological study of any angiosperm. In the presence of a proper auxin/cytokinin combination, precambial stem cells from the middle layer of a compact callus, which was derived from the thin cell layer of the inflorescence rachis of Limonium, expressed the highest level of totipotency and pluripotency and simultaneously developed somatic embryos, shoots, and inflorescences. This study also proposed the concept of programmed cell death during bipolar somatic embryo and unipolar shoot bud pattern formation. The unique feature of this research was the stepwise histological description of in vitro racemose inflorescence development. Remarkably, during the initiation of inflorescence development, either a unipolar structure with open vascular elements or an independent bipolar structure with closed vascular elements were observed. The protocol predicted the production of 6.6 ± 0.24 and 7.4 ± 0.24 somatic embryos and shoots, respectively, from 400 mg of callus, which again multiplied, rooted, and acclimatised. The plants\' ploidy level and genetic fidelity were assessed randomly before acclimatisation by flow cytometry and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker analysis. Finally, the survivability and flower quality of the regenerated plants were evaluated in the field.
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