UNASSIGNED: p16 has different roles in the nuclear and cytoplasmic locations. The nuclear localization of the p16 protein explains its role in cell cycle regulation. Cytoplasmic expression was considered an artifact in the initial years, but there is evidence to prove that cytoplasmic localization is real and that p16 has different roles in the nuclear and cytoplasmic locations. We aimed to study the immunoexpression of p16 protein in the nuclear and cytoplasmic locations of the epithelial and stromal compartments of fibroadenoma, invasive breast carcinoma, and a select number of phyllodes tumors.
UNASSIGNED: The study included a total of 107 patients, comprising 51 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, 51 cases of fibroadenoma, 4 cases of benign phyllodes tumors, and 1 case of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). The p16 immunohistochemistry was evaluated for nuclear and cytoplasmic localization in the epithelial and stromal compartments of the tumors.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 51 fibroadenoma cases, 23 showed strong nuclear p16 epithelial expression, but no case showed cytoplasmic expression. In 19/51 cases, stromal cells also showed strong p16 nuclear expression. Moderate stromal p16 expression was observed in 3 out of 4 cases of benign phyllodes. Out of the 51 cases of invasive carcinoma, 31 showed moderate to strong nuclear p16 immunopositivity, while 27 cases exhibited cytoplasmic p16 expression. We found a statistically significant correlation between moderate to strong nuclear p16 immunoexpression and the molecular subtype of breast carcinoma.
UNASSIGNED: The cytoplasmic localization of p16 immunohistochemistry is not seen in epithelial components of fibroadenoma, while it is seen frequently in breast carcinoma. Nuclear p16 expression has a statistically significant correlation with molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily encompasses different categories of isoenzymes that contribute to multiple metabolic processes involving drug detoxification, cellular signaling, and the proliferation of malignant tissues. Using genetic technology, customized bioinformatic analysis, and meta-analysis design, the main goal of this study was to identify the association between the CYP1A2*rs762551 variant and the susceptibility to breast carcinoma (BRCA).
METHODS: The case-control study was conducted based on 104 BRCA women and 102 healthy controls. Using the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay, the CYP1A2 (rs762551; c.-9-154 C>A) variant was genotyped. Bioinformatic frameworks and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the involvement of this genetic variant in BRCA development. A meta-analysis design was accomplished based on our case-control study and other previously published records. Publication bias, heterogeneity between studies, and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were analyzed.
RESULTS: The CYP1A2*rs762551 variant conferred protection against BRCA development under allelic (OR = 0.48, p-value < 0.001), dominant (OR = 0.34, p-value < 0.001), and recessive (OR = 0.44, p-value = 0.011) models. However, this intronic variant was correlated with a decreased risk of BRCA among late-onset menopause women compared to other cases. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that this genetic variant has a functional impact on the progression of tumorgenesis. Moreover, this meta-analysis design included 12922 BRCA women and 15603 healthy controls. Our findings disclosed the contribution of the CYP1A2*rs762551 variant with protection against cancer development among Caucasian females under allelic (OR = 0.75, p-value = 0.025), and dominant (OR = 0.58, p-value = 0.015) models.
CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study confirmed the contribution of the CYP1A2*rs762551 variant with decreased risk of BRCA development among Egyptian subjects. Moreover, BRCA women with late-onset menopause conferred protection against cancer progression compared to other subjects. Our findings identified that this meta-analysis design achieved protection against BRCA development among Caucasian women compared to other ethnicities.

UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Breast cancer manifestations in the head and neck are relatively rare, have greater predilection for the jaws than for soft tissues. Metastasis in the oral cavity account for only 1 to 3 % of all oral malignant lesions. Regardless of the rare occurrence of metastatic lesions to the jaw, it should be taken into consideration in the individuals with a history of malignancy.
METHODS: The article reports a rare case of metastatic lesion of breast cancer to unilateral mandibular ramus region. The 66-year-old female patient was complaining of pain and swelling in the right mandible angle. She was referred to our department by her oncologist with the differential diagnosis of osteonecrosis or metastasis. She had undergone radical mastectomy for invasive lobular carcinoma of the left breast without adjuvant treatment. Oral cavity examination did not reveal the existence of any ulcer or fistula. Based on the patient\'s medical history and paresthesia of the lower lip and chin, the metastatic disease was highly suspected. The patient was referred to her oncologist for chemotherapy treatment before any invasive surgical management.
UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer affecting women globally. Bone is the most common site of metastasis in BC patients, with up to 75 % of stage IV BC patients developing skeletal metastasis. The frequent metastatic sites of bone are spine, ribs, sternum, femur, pelvis. Breast carcinoma metastasizes to the jaw bones are uncommon.
CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of metastasis to the oral cavity is a significant challenge to the clinician due to the lack of pathognomonic signs and symptoms. The general dentist or dental specialist should maintain a high level of suspicion while dealing patients with a history of cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of modified radical mastectomy (MRM) with the use of a harmonic scalpel versus electrocautery in patients with breast carcinoma.
METHODS: A prospective, non-randomized comparative study conducted from August 2022 to June 2024 on 40 female patients with stage II breast carcinoma undergoing MRM with electrocautery and harmonic scalpel.
RESULTS: Patients with MRM by harmonic scalpel exhibited significantly lower intraoperative blood loss (92.50 ± 9.67 mL) than by electrocautery (172.50 ± 30.76 mL) (p-value <.0001). The average operative time was significantly shorter for the harmonic scalpel (111.00 ± 10.71 minutes) than for the electrocautery (169.50 ± 19.32 minutes) (p-value <.0001). Postoperative pain was lower for the harmonic scalpel (visual analog scale (VAS) score 3.75 ± 0.79) than for the electrocautery (VAS score 6.10 ± 0.85) (p-value <.0001). The incidence of flap necrosis was not substantially different between the categories; seroma formation was significantly lower with the use of a harmonic scalpel (p-value <.0001). Subjects in the group of harmonic scalpels also had shorter hospital stays (8.35 ± 0.93 days) compared with the electrocautery group (12.20 ± 1.06 days) (p-value <.0001).

Depression is an illness prevalent worldwide and much more common in certain groups of people. Individuals suffering from breast cancer as well as the survivors of breast cancer are at an increased risk of developing depression. We conducted this systematic review using articles from different countries of the world to get an estimate of the prevalence of depression in this specified population. For this, we collected about 262 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, and after strict scrutiny, 13 articles were used to extract our data. From our collected data, we were able to get an estimate of depression prevalence rates among breast cancer patients and survivors globally and identify different factors that affected these rates. More cohort studies must be done so that more precise information about the causes, preventions, and therapies of depression specifically in breast cancer patients and survivors may be gathered.

BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all patients of invasive male breast cancer treated with curative intent by a trimodality approach via a multidisciplinary team at an academic university hospital in India between 2009 and 2023. Records were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Clinicopathological parameters, treatment details and survival were recorded and analysed.
RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 55(44-63) years. Most patients were overall stage III (74%) and node positive (79%) with Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade II (50%). Twenty-five patients (73%) were oestrogen receptor (ER) positive. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and perineural invasion (PNI) were present in 62% and 21% of patients, respectively. The most common chemotherapy timing was adjuvant (53%) followed by neoadjuvant (41%), and the most commonly used regimen consisted of a combination of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by a taxane (53%). Most (85%) patients underwent a mastectomy, five patients underwent breast conservation. All patients received radiotherapy to a dose of 42.6 Gy in 16 fractions, followed by a tumour bed boost for those undergoing breast conservation. At a median follow-up of 70 months (range 10-159 months), the five and ten-year overall survival was 91% and 58%, and the five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 67%. The median DFS was 72 months. On univariate analysis, the tumour sub-type (Luminal versus TNBC) significantly predicted DFS (P = 0.03 log-rank).
CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer in males has a high incidence of node positivity, ER positivity and LVSI. Even with advanced stages at presentation, trimodality therapy in a multidisciplinary setting offers good long-term outcomes.

Introduction. In contrast to colorectal carcinoma, the significance of tumor budding in breast carcinoma is not established. The X20 objective which is used to assess tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma, is not widely available in countries with limited resources. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of tumor budding and its associations with pathological prognostic factors in invasive breast carcinoma-no special type (IBC-NST), and to assess the correlation between the tumor budding observed using ×20 and ×40 objectives. Methods. A total of 349 excision specimens of IBC-NST were studied. Tumor budding was defined as a single cell/cluster of up to 4 cells at the invasive front and was assessed in hotspots at the advancing edge of the tumor using ×20 and ×40 objectives. Tumor budding was categorized into low (<5/0.785 mm2), intermediate (5-9/0.785 mm2), and high budding (≥10/0.785 mm2) for ×20 objective and low (≤4/0.196 mm2) and high (≥5/0.196 mm2) for ×40 objective based on the number of buds per hotspot. The association between tumor budding and prognostic factors was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 test, and logistic regression. Correlation between tumor budding in ×20 and ×40 objectives was analyzed with Pearson correlation test. Results. The prevalence of tumor budding was 72.5%. There was a significant correlation between the number of buddings observed in ×40 objective and ×20 objective (0.958). High tumor budding observed in both objectives was significantly associated with size (P < .001), lymphovascular invasion (P < .001), perineural invasion (P < .001), lymph node status (P < .001), number of lymph nodes (P < .001), T stage (P < .001), and N stage (P < .001) on univariate analysis, but only lymph node positivity (P < .001) showed significant association on multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Tumor budding assessed with ×20 and ×40 objectives showed a significant correlation and was significantly associated lymph node metastasis on multivariate analysis.

UNASSIGNED: Accurate efficacy evaluation of bone metastases (BMs) from breast cancer (BC) is an intractable issue in clinical practice, for which solutions are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the utility of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in the response evaluation of bone metastasis of BC.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 22 patients diagnosed with BC and BM were enrolled. These patients underwent repeated 18F-FDG PET/CT evaluations. The patients and each BM site were divided into two groups based on their response to treatment: progressive disease (PD) and nonprogressive disease (non-PD). We analyzed and compared the changes in PET and CT images, as well as the serum concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and calcium (Ca) over the same time frame. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) of primary lesions between groups and between the primary focus and BM with high 18F-FDG uptake were compared and analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) after therapy [area under the curve (AUC): 0.932] and Δ-value of SUVmax (AUC: 0.811) on 18F-FDG PET imaging proved significantly valuable for the efficacy of therapy outcomes related to BM lesions (P<0.05). In terms of overall evaluation of BM, age and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression were significantly lower in the PD group than in the non-PD group (P<0.05). There were marked differences in CEA after therapy, the changes of CEA, and CA153 (∆-value) between the groups (P<0.05). The SUVmax and Ca concentration after therapy and ∆-value of SUVmax, along with the levels of CA153, CEA, and ALP, were valuable indicators for evaluating the efficacy of individual BMs (P<0.05). IHC of BM in the PD group showed differences compared to primary lesions, with antigen Ki-67 being downregulated in metastatic lesions and HER2 being downregulated in a portion of BMs (2 of 6). Meanwhile, the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) remained relatively unchanged.
UNASSIGNED: 18F-FDG PET/CT confers precise assessment of the posttreatment efficacy pertaining to BM in BC. This modality facilitates the identification of poor effect lesions following extant therapies and localization for pathological assessment and may substantially contribute to evaluating therapeutic efficacy, refining treatment strategies, and predicting the disease trajectory of patients with BC and BM.

Background: Innovative treatment strategies for early-stage breast cancer (BC) are urgently needed. Tumors originating from mammary ductal cells present an opportunity for targeted intervention. Methods: We explored intraductal therapy via natural nipple openings as a promising non-invasive approach for early BC. Using functional Near-infrared II (NIR-II) nanomaterials, specifically NIR-IIb quantum dots conjugated with Epep polypeptide for ductal cell targeting, we conducted in situ imaging and photothermal ablation of mammary ducts. Intraductal administration was followed by stimulation with an 808 nm laser. Results: This method achieved precise ductal destruction and heightened immunological responses in the microenvironment. The technique was validated in mouse models of triple-negative BC and a rat model of ductal carcinoma in situ, demonstrating promising therapeutic potential for localized BC treatment and prevention. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of NIR-II nanoprobes in guiding non-invasive photothermal ablation of mammary ducts, offering a compelling avenue for early-stage BC therapy.

Cutaneous metastasis is rare but may indicate an advanced internal malignancy or a recurrence of a previously treated one and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. They may also pose a diagnostic problem as the clinical manifestations are variable and non-specific, which could mimic other benign conditions. We report a case of a 48-year-old female who presented with a 4-year history of erythematous papules and vesicles on the trunk mimicking lymphangioma circumscriptum. Skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry were consistent with cutaneous metastasis from breast carcinoma. Cutaneous metastasis presents in a variety of patterns. A high index of suspicion and a low threshold for skin biopsy are paramount to the early diagnosis and treatment. A histopathologic evaluation will help identify the origin of the cutaneous metastasis and can significantly affect the outcome of the treatment.