Abstract：
This article addresses the discrepancy between Edouard Hitzig\'s and David Ferrier\'s findings on the cortical localization of movements in animals and Jean-Martin Charcot\'s findings in humans. The results of Hitzig\'s and Ferrier\'s vivisections were criticized by experimentalists in England and France as discordant, irreproducible, and inconclusive, and they were rejected by clinicians as irrelevant. Charcot addressed the gap between animal and human motor function by correlating motor deficits and focal epileptic seizures in patients to their autopsy findings. By this method he discovered the functional organization of the human motor cortex and produced the first accurate human motor brain map. Ferrier, William Osler, and Hughlings Jackson acknowledged Charcot\'s findings, and his findings guided the first neurosurgeons in localizing and resecting intracranial mass lesions presenting with focal epileptic seizures. Although his contributions in these fields have been neglected by modern historians, Charcot made significant contributions to the neurobiology of the human motor system, to epileptology, and to the birth of modern neurosurgery.
摘要：
本文讨论了EdouardHitzig和DavidFerrier关于动物运动的皮层定位的发现与Jean-MartinCharcot在人类中的发现之间的差异。Hitzig和Ferrier的活体解剖结果被英国和法国的实验主义者批评为不一致，不可复制，而且没有定论，他们被临床医生认为无关紧要。Charcot通过将患者的运动缺陷和局灶性癫痫发作与尸检结果相关联，解决了动物和人类运动功能之间的差距。通过这种方法，他发现了人类运动皮层的功能组织，并产生了第一个准确的人类运动大脑图。费里尔,威廉·奥斯勒,休林斯·杰克逊承认夏科的发现，他的发现指导了第一批神经外科医生定位和切除表现为局灶性癫痫发作的颅内肿块病变。尽管他在这些领域的贡献被现代历史学家忽视了，Charcot对人类运动系统的神经生物学做出了重大贡献，癫痫学，以及现代神经外科的诞生。
