本文概述了“大脑图”中的过渡,用于说明与运动相关的皮质“中心”的位置,感觉,和语言从19世纪的Gall和Spurzheim的图像开始,到21世纪的功能磁共振成像。在此期间,新的方法需要新的大脑图来说明它们,大脑图有助于客观化和自然化心理过程。一种方法,对大脑皮层的电刺激-例如1870年的Fritsch和Hitzig,1873年的Ferrier和1937年的Penfield-所需的脑图显示功能中心具有扩展和重叠的边界。在另一种方法中,将皮质中心联系起来以解释复杂的失语症综合征的大脑图,失用症,Alexia,和失写症最初由Baginsky于1871年,Wernicke于1874年和Lichtheim于1885年建造,然后由Lissauer于1890年,Dejerine于1892年和Liepmann于1920年建造,并最终由Geschwind于1965年和其他20世纪后期建造。在此期间,脑图从引起运动和感觉的大脑皮层上的点的插图到与可识别功能相关的区域(中心)的插图,再到解释临床患者出现复杂症状的这些区域之间的联系的插图。到这个时期结束时,物理学的进步,数学,和认知科学导致的发明,允许从认知操作而不是从通常的电或消融操作中得出大脑皮层位置的大脑图。“心理”因变量成为“认知”自变量。
This article is an outline of the transition in \"brain maps\" used to illustrate locations of cortical \"centers\" associated with movements, sensations, and language beginning with images from Gall and Spurzheim in the nineteenth century through those of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the twenty-first century. During the intervening years, new approaches required new brain maps to illustrate them, and brain maps helped to objectify and naturalize mental processes. One approach, electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex-exemplified by Fritsch and
Hitzig in 1870, Ferrier in 1873, and Penfield by 1937-required brain maps showing functional centers with expanded and overlapping boundaries. In another approach, brain maps that linked cortical centers to account for the complex syndromes of aphasia, apraxia, alexia, and agraphia were initially constructed by Baginsky in 1871, Wernicke in 1874, and Lichtheim in 1885, then later by Lissauer in 1890, Dejerine in 1892, and Liepmann in 1920, and eventually by Geschwind in 1965 and others through the late twentieth century. Over that intervening time, brain maps changed from illustrations of points on the cerebral cortex where movements and sensations were elicited to illustrations of areas (centers) associated with recognizable functions to illustrations of connections between those areas that account for complex symptoms occurring in clinical patients. By the end of this period, advancements in physics, mathematics, and cognitive science resulted in inventions that allowed brain maps of cortical locations derived from cognitive manipulations rather than from the usual electrical or ablative manipulations. \"Mental\" dependent variables became \"cognitive\" independent variables.