药物的肺部递送已成为治疗肺部和全身性疾病的有希望的方法。与其他给药途径相比,吸入提供了许多优点,包括高靶向,副作用少,和巨大的药物吸收表面积。然而,药物在肺中的沉积可能受到肺防御机制的限制,如粘膜纤毛和巨噬细胞清除。在输送装置中,干粉吸入器由于其稳定性而成为最佳选择,易用性,没有推进剂.在过去的几十年里,一些自下而上的技术已经出现了传统的研磨生产可吸入粉末。在这些技术中,最常用的是喷雾干燥,超临界流体技术,喷雾冷冻干燥,薄膜冻结。可吸入干粉可以由附着在粗载体上的微粉化药物构成(例如,乳糖)或嵌入微米或纳米颗粒中的药物。基于颗粒的制剂通常由聚合物微米和纳米颗粒组成,脂质体,固体脂质纳米粒,树枝状聚合物,纳米晶体,细胞外囊泡,和无机纳米粒子。此外,工程配方,包括大的多孔颗粒,可溶胀微粒,纳米微粒,和泡腾纳米粒子已经被开发出来。颗粒工程在调整基于载体和无载体的可吸入粉末的物理化学性质方面也具有关键作用。这种方法可以增加粉末的流动性,沉积,并通过自定义粒子表面特征进行定位。
Pulmonary delivery of drugs has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of both lung and systemic diseases. Compared to other drug delivery routes, inhalation offers numerous advantages including high targeting, fewer side effects, and a huge surface area for drug absorption. However, the deposition of drugs in the lungs can be limited by lung defence mechanisms such as mucociliary and macrophages\' clearance. Among the delivery devices, dry powder inhalers represent the optimal choice due to their stability, ease of use, and absence of propellants. In the last decades, several bottom-up techniques have emerged over traditional milling to produce inhalable powders. Among these techniques, the most employed ones are spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, spray freeze-drying, and thin film freezing. Inhalable dry powders can be constituted by micronized drugs attached to a coarse carrier (e.g., lactose) or drugs embedded into a micro- or nanoparticle. Particulate-based formulations are commonly composed of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, extracellular vesicles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, engineered formulations including large porous particles, swellable microparticles, nano-in-microparticles, and effervescent nanoparticles have been developed. Particle engineering has also a crucial role in tuning the physical-chemical properties of both carrier-based and carrier-free inhalable powders. This approach can increase powder flowability, deposition, and targeting by customising particle surface features.