除非因为器官损伤而手术是唯一的选择,可疑病变的存在,或者怀孕的欲望,患有子宫内膜异位症相关疼痛的女性通常面临药物治疗和手术治疗之间的选择.理论上,对这两种选择的潜在好处和潜在危害的描述应该标准化,没有偏见,基于强有力的证据,使患者能够做出明智的决定。然而,医生的意见,智力竞争的利益,从社交媒体获得的特定服务和(错误)信息的本地可用性,在线支持小组可以影响所提供建议的类型并影响患者的选择。随机对照试验缺乏可靠的数据,以及那些渴望做任何事情来缓解残疾症状的痛苦女性的焦虑。弱势患者更有可能接受他们的医疗保健提供者的建议,这可能导致不平衡和以医生为中心的决策,无论是支持药物治疗还是手术治疗。总的来说,治疗应以症状为导向,而不是以病变为导向。医疗和手术方式似乎在减轻疼痛症状方面同样有效,对于严重的痛经,药物治疗通常更成功,对于由纤维化病变浸润后室引起的严重深度性交困难,手术更成功。雌激素-孕激素组合和孕激素单一疗法通常是安全和耐受性良好的,如果没有重大禁忌症。大约四分之三的浅表腹膜和卵巢子宫内膜异位症患者和三分之二的浸润性纤维化病变患者最终对他们的药物治疗感到满意,尽管其余的可能会出现副作用。这可能导致不遵守。浅表和卵巢子宫内膜异位症的手术通常是安全的。当存在纤维化浸润性病变时,发病率差异很大,取决于个别外科医生的技能,需要先进的程序,如肠切除和输尿管再植,以及专家结直肠外科医生和泌尿科医师在多学科方法中一起工作的可用性。已发表结果的普遍性足以用于药物治疗,但对于手术非常有限。此外,一方面,激素药物诱导疾病缓解,但不能治愈子宫内膜异位症,当药物停药时,预计症状会复发;另一方面,病灶切除后应使用相同的药物,这也不能治愈子宫内膜异位症,以防止总体累积症状和病变复发率为每年术后10%。因此,真正的选择可能不是在医疗和手术之间,而是在单纯药物治疗和手术加术后药物治疗之间。子宫内膜异位症女性的疼痛经历是一种复杂的现象,并非完全基于伤害感受,尽管尚未完全了解周围和中枢敏化的作用。此外,创伤,尤其是性创伤,和盆底疾病可以导致或促成许多患有慢性盆腔疼痛的个体的症状,医疗保健提供者永远不应该想当然地认为诊断或怀疑子宫内膜异位症总是真实的,或者鞋底,提交投诉的来源。可以使用替代治疗方式,可以帮助解决导致症状的大多数其他原因。子宫内膜异位症女性的疼痛管理可能不仅仅是药物治疗和手术治疗之间的选择,可能需要包括心理学家在内的多学科团队的全面护理。性学家,物理治疗师,营养师,和疼痛治疗师。成功治疗的一个经常缺失的因素是医疗保健提供者的同理心。被听到和理解,接受简单明了的解释和对不确定性的诚实沟通,在收到详细和公正的信息后被邀请分享医疗决定,并保证一旦出现重大问题,团队成员将有空,可以大大增加对医生的信任,并将孤独和沮丧的经历转变为指导和支持的旅程,在此过程中,逐渐学会并最终接受应对这种慢性疾病。在这个更广泛的场景中,以病人为中心的医学是当务之急,以及是否或何时诉诸手术或选择医疗选择仍然是每个女性个人的特权。
Except when surgery is the only option because of organ damage, the presence of suspicious lesions, or the desire to conceive, women with endometriosis-associated pain often face a choice between medical and surgical treatment. In theory, the description of the potential benefits and potential harms of the two alternatives should be standardized, unbiased, and based on strong evidence, enabling the patient to make an informed decision. However, doctor\'s opinion, intellectual competing interests, local availability of specific services and (mis)information obtained from social media, and online support groups can influence the type of advice given and affect patients\' choices. This is compounded by the paucity of robust data from randomized controlled trials, and the anxiety of distressed women who are eager to do anything to alleviate their disabling symptoms. Vulnerable patients are more likely to accept the suggestions of their healthcare provider, which can lead to unbalanced and physician-centred decisions, whether in favour of either medical or surgical treatment. In general, treatments should be symptom-orientated rather than lesion-orientated. Medical and surgical modalities appear to be similarly effective in reducing pain symptoms, with medications generally more successful for severe
dysmenorrhoea and surgery more successful for severe deep dyspareunia caused by fibrotic lesions infiltrating the posterior compartment. Oestrogen-progestogen combinations and progestogen monotherapies are generally safe and well tolerated, provided there are no major contraindications. About three-quarters of patients with superficial peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis and two-thirds of those with infiltrating fibrotic lesions are ultimately satisfied with their medical treatment although the remainder may experience side effects, which may result in non-compliance. Surgery for superficial and ovarian endometriosis is usually safe. When fibrotic infiltrating lesions are present, morbidity varies greatly depending on the skill of the individual surgeon, the need for advanced procedures, such as bowel resection and ureteral reimplantation, and the availability of expert colorectal surgeons and urologists working together in a multidisciplinary approach. The generalizability of published results is adequate for medical treatment but very limited for surgery. Moreover, on the one hand, hormonal drugs induce disease remission but do not cure endometriosis, and symptom relapse is expected when the drugs are discontinued; on the other hand, the same drugs should be used after lesion excision, which also does not cure endometriosis, to prevent an overall cumulative symptom and lesion recurrence rate of 10% per postoperative year. Therefore, the real choice may not be between medical treatment and surgery, but between medical treatment alone and surgery plus postoperative medical treatment. The experience of pain in women with endometriosis is a complex phenomenon that is not exclusively based on nociception, although the role of peripheral and central sensitization is not fully understood. In addition, trauma, and especially sexual trauma, and pelvic floor disorders can cause or contribute to symptoms in many individuals with chronic pelvic pain, and healthcare providers should never take for granted that diagnosed or suspected endometriosis is always the real, or the sole, origin of the referred complaints. Alternative treatment modalities are available that can help address most of the additional causes contributing to symptoms. Pain management in women with endometriosis may be more than a choice between medical and surgical treatment and may require comprehensive care by a multidisciplinary team including psychologists, sexologists, physiotherapists, dieticians, and pain therapists. An often missing factor in successful treatment is empathy on the part of healthcare providers. Being heard and understood, receiving simple and clear explanations and honest communication about uncertainties, being invited to share medical decisions after receiving detailed and impartial information, and being reassured that a team member will be available should a major problem arise, can greatly increase trust in doctors and transform a lonely and frustrating experience into a guided and supported journey, during which coping with this chronic disease is gradually learned and eventually accepted. Within this broader scenario, patient-centred medicine is the priority, and whether or when to resort to surgery or choose the medical option remains the prerogative of each individual woman.