Chlorella sorokiniana, isolated from a pond adjacent to a cement plant, was cultured using flue gas collected directly from kiln emissions using 20 L and 25000 L photobioreactors. Lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides were analyzed to understand their overall composition for potential applications. The lipid content ranged from 17.97% to 21.54% of the dry biomass, with carotenoid concentrations between 8.4 and 9.2 mg/g. Lutein accounted for 55% of the total carotenoids. LC/MS analysis led to the identification of 71 intact triacylglycerols, 8 lysophosphatidylcholines, 10 phosphatidylcholines, 9 monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, 12 digalactosyldiacylglycerols, and 1 sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid were the main fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid covers ≥ 56% of total fatty acids. Protein isolates and polysaccharides were also extracted. Protein purity was determined to be ≥75% by amino acid analysis, with all essential amino acids present. Monomer analysis of polysaccharides suggested that they are composed of mainly D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-galactose, and D-(+)-glucose. The results demonstrate that there is no adverse effect on the metabolite profile of C. sorokiniana biomass cultured using flue gas as the primary carbon source, revealing the possibility of utilizing such algal biomass in industrial applications such as animal feed, sources of cosmeceuticals, and as biofuel.

Grape seeds are rich in bioactive substances, including polyphenols, terpenoids, and phytosterols. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) boasts a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lignans, phytoestrogens, and soluble fibers, all contributing to its therapeutic potential. In this study, we pioneered the formulation of an oil blend (GL) combining grape seed oil (G) and golden linseed oil (GL) in equal volumes (1:1 (v/v)) and we evaluated in terms of the nutritional, physical, and chemical properties and their influence in an in vivo experimental model. We analyzed the oils by performing physical-chemical analyses, examining the oxidative stability using Rancimat; conducting thermal analyses via thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), performing optical UV-vis absorption analyses; examining the fluorescence emission-excitation matrix, total carotenoids, and color, and conducting metabolic assessments in an in vivo experimental trial. The fatty acid profile presented a higher fraction of linoleic acid (C18:2) in G and GL and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) in L. The acidity and peroxide indices were within the recommended ranges. The TG/DTG, DSC, and Rancimat analyses revealed similar behaviors, and the optical analyses revealed color variations caused by carotenoid contents in L and GL. In the in vivo trial, G (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) promoted lower total consumption, and the blend (GL: 2000 mg/kg/day) group exhibited less weight gain per gram of consumed food. The group with G supplementation (G2: 2000 mg/kg/day) and GL had the highest levels of HDL-c. The group with L supplementation (L2: 2000 mg/kg/day) had the lowest total cholesterol level. The L2, G1 (1000 mg/kg/day), and G2 groups exhibited the lowest MCP-1 and TNF-α values. Additionally, the lowest adipocyte areas occurred in G and GL. Our results suggest that this combination is of high quality for consumption and can influence lipid profiles, markers of inflammation, and antioxidant status.

Exposure to the neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) selectively induces hippocampal neuronal injury and astrocyte activation accompanied with resultant neuroinflammation, which causes severe behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairment. A large body of evidence suggests that flaxseed oil (FSO), as one of the richest sources of essential omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., α-linolenic acids (ALA), displays neuroprotective properties. Here, we report the preventive effects of dietary FSO treatment in a rat model of TMT intoxication. The administration of FSO (1 mL/kg, orally) before and over the course of TMT intoxication (a single dose, 8 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced hippocampal cell death, prevented the activation of astrocytes, and inhibited their polarization toward a pro-inflammatory/neurotoxic phenotype. The underlying protective mechanism was delineated through the selective upregulation of BDNF and PI3K/Akt and the suppression of ERK activation in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with FSO reduced cell death and efficiently suppressed the expression of inflammatory molecules. These beneficial effects were accompanied by an increased intrahippocampal content of n-3 fatty acids. In vitro, ALA pretreatment prevented the TMT-induced polarization of cultured astrocytes towards the pro-inflammatory spectrum. Together, these findings support the beneficial neuroprotective properties of FSO/ALA against TMT-induced neurodegeneration and accompanied inflammation and hint at a promising preventive use of FSO in hippocampal degeneration and dysfunction.

This study aims to explore the functions and mechanisms of testicular descent in Apodemus agrarius, and analyze the changes in genes and metabolite levels in this process. Illumina NovaSeq and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for the transcriptomic analysis and metabolomic analysis, respectively, of the normal and descending testis of A. agrarius. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of the transcriptomic results revealed 240 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as Spesp1, Izumo1, Hyal5, and Fabp9. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment showed 52 DEGs, including Pcyt1, Pla2g4e, Gpd1l, and Lypla3. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the transcriptomic results in terms of the expression patterns of six randomly selected genes in the normal and descending testis. The metabolomic results revealed 28 differential metabolites associated with the testicular function, including 3-dehydroquinic acid, α-linolenic acid, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The conjoint analysis showcased that glycerophospholipid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism may be the key metabolic pathways regulating testicular descent in A. agrarius. This study will help to understand the mechanism of testicular descent and lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the mechanisms of the population changes of A. agrarius and developing laboratory animal resources.

n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are essential multifunctional nutrients in animals. Microorganisms such as microalgae are known to be n-3 LC-PUFA producers in aquatic environments. Various aquatic invertebrates, including Harpacticoida copepods, and a few terrestrial invertebrates, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, possess n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes. However, the capacity for n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms in terrestrial insects are largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in the silkworm Bombyx mori and found that EPA was present in silkworms throughout their development. Stable isotope tracing revealed that dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) was metabolized to EPA in silkworm larvae. These results indicated that silkworms synthesize EPA from ALA. Given that EPA is enriched in the central nervous system, we propose that EPA confers optimal neuronal functions, similar to docosahexaenoic acid, in the mammalian nervous system.

BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids derived from seafood acids may influence cardiac arrhythmogenesis, whereas the role of the major plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), on atrial fibrillation (AF) is largely unknown.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association between ALA intake and risk of incident AF overall and in subjects with a low intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids.
METHODS: We followed a total of 54,260 middle-aged men and women enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort for development of AF using nationwide registries. Intake of ALA was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and modeled as a restricted cubic spline. Statistical analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS: We identified a total of 4902 incident AF events during a median of 16.9 y of follow-up. In multivariable analyses, we observed indications of a statistically nonsignificant inverse association between ALA intake and risk of AF up to an ALA intake of 2.5 g/d, whereas no appreciable association was found for higher intakes of ALA. A statistically significant dose-dependent negative association was found between ALA intake and risk of AF in individuals consuming < 250 mg marine omega-3 fatty acids daily, whereas no association was found in those with a higher intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids.
CONCLUSIONS: Intake of ALA was associated with a lower risk of AF in individuals consuming a low intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids. This finding is novel and warrants further investigation.

1. This study was conducted to assess the effects of different dietary omega 6:3 ratios fed to male and female Japanese quail breeders on incubation performance, chick quality and progeny performance.2. A completely randomised design was used, with five diets containing different ratios of vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (LA from soybean oil) or α-linolenic acid (ALA from linseed oil) with LA/ALA ratios of 13.75:1, 10.69:1, 7.63:1, 4.57:1 and 1.48:1 with 12 cage replicates containing six birds each.3. There was a quadratic effect of the LA/ALA ratio on total hatchability (p < 0.011), fertile hatchability (p = 0.046) and total mortality (p = 0.046). There was no effect on fertility (p > 0.05). The LA/ALA ratios of 1.48 and 13.75 fed to both hens and cockerels or hens resulted in greater fertility, as measured by the number of days after copulation during which fertile eggs were laid and the number of points of hydrolysis on the perivitelline membrane. A decreasing linear effect (p < 0.0001) was observed on chick length and an increasing linear effect on body weight at 1 day of age. There were no effects on progeny performance.4. The LA/ALA ratio affected yolk mineral matter (p = 0.009), crude protein (p = 0.091), chick mineral matter (p < 0.038) and ether extract (p < 0.0001) contents. Maternal diet affected the fatty acid profile of egg yolk and chick liver, indicating that dietary contents were transferred to eggs and chicks.5. Fertile egg production increased with lower LA/ALA ratios. Therefore, linseed oil can be used together with soybean oil to formulate diets for female Japanese quail obtain LA/ALA ratios between 4:1 and 10:1.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), mainly including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), possess antioxidant properties and play a crucial role in growth and development. However, the combined effects of ALA, EPA, and DHA at different concentrations have rarely been reported. This work explored the effects of EPA, ALA, and DHA on the viability and antioxidant capacity of mouse hepatocytes, with the objective of enhancing the antioxidant capacity. Within the appropriate concentration range, cell viability and the activity of glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were increased, while the oxidation products of malondialdehyde and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species were obviously reduced. Thus, oxidative stress was relieved, and cellular antioxidant levels were improved. Finally, response surface optimization was carried out for EPA, ALA, and DHA, and the model was established. The antioxidant capacity of the cells was highest at EPA, ALA, and DHA concentrations of 145.46, 405.05, and 551.52 µM, respectively. These findings lay the foundation for further exploration of the interactive mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs in the body, as well as their applications in nutraceutical food.

In Alzheimer\'s disease, the synaptic loss is prominent due to the accumulation of Amyloid βeta (Aβ) protein in synapses, which affect neurotransmission, and thus ultimately causes neuronal loss. Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, is a vital protein of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in AD. Along with the accumulation of aberrant proteins, glial cells, mainly astrocytes and microglia, play a major role in impairing neuronal network. Microglia have the ability to phagocytose Tau and rerelease in exosomes, which causes further spreading of Tau. Reduction in exosome synthesis can reduce spreading of Tau. Modulating microglia to clear the extracellular Tau seeds by its imported degradation would resolve the disease condition in Alzheimer\'s disease. In this study, we have shown the ability of α-linolenic acid (ALA) to inhibit the Tau aggregation and modulate their internalization property in microglial cells.

Liquid state fermentation is now a commonly used route to obtain triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea, and linolenic acid can significantly promote triterpenoids synthesis, whereas its action mechanism has not been studied. Here, we comprehensively performed an investigation on the mechanism of linolenic acid to promote triterpenoids production in liquid-state fermentation of A. cinnamomea. Results showed that the addition of linolenic acid increased the unsaturated fatty acid index, fluidity, and permeability in the cell membrane of A. cinnamomea mycelia, favored the absorption of nutrients in the medium by the mycelium, enhanced the material exchange inside and outside, and thus promoted mycelial growth and triterpenoids synthesis. Moreover, 767 significantly differentially expressed genes were detected by adding linolenic acid, including 212 upregulated genes and 555 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes were mainly enriched in metabolism, glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle, and pyruvate metabolism. It was seen that the addition of linolenic acid improved the cell metabolic activity and promoted the synthesis of secondary metabolites, proving that the addition of linolenic acid improved the metabolic viability of cells and promoted secondary metabolite synthesis.