药物化合物对水源的污染带来了全球环境和健康风险,需要开发高效的水处理技术。在这项研究中,合成,表征,并报道了一种新型石墨氮化碳煅烧(Fe-Ca)层状双氢氧化物(gC3N4-CLDH)复合材料的电化学降解水中磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)的评估结果。SEM,XRD,FTIR,和XPS分析证实了具有独特形态和结晶性质的定义明确的复合结构。电化学降解实验表明,在优化条件下,SMX去除率>98%,TOC去除率>75%,强调其有效性。复合材料在各种pH水平下表现出优异的矿化效率,超氧自由基(O2●-)和羟基自由基(●OH)被确定为主要的活性氧。具有高达7个循环的卓越再生能力,gC3N4-CLDH复合材料成为可持续水处理的极具前景的解决方案。水中的腐植酸(HA)显著减缓SMX降解,表明SMX降解与天然有机物的复杂性。尽管如此,gC3N4-CLDH复合材料有效降解地下水和工业废水中的SMX,由于较高的杂质水平,后者的效率略有降低。这些发现强调了在各种水中处理药物污染物的复杂性。总的来说,gC3N4-CLDH的高去除效率,广泛的pH适用性,可持续性和机械见解为未来的研究和现实环境应用提供了坚实的基础。
The contamination of water sources by pharmaceutical compounds presents global environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of efficient water treatment technologies. In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a novel graphitic carbon nitride-calcined (Fe-Ca) layered double hydroxide (gC3N4-CLDH) composite for electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water yielded significant outcomes are reported. SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses confirmed well-defined composite structures with unique morphology and crystalline properties. Electrochemical degradation experiments demonstrated >98% SMX removal and >75% TOC removal under optimized conditions, highlighting its effectiveness. The composite exhibited excellent mineralization efficiency across various pH levels, with superoxide radicals (O2●-) and hydroxyl radicals (●OH) identified as primary reactive oxygen species. With remarkable regeneration capability for up to 7 cycles, the gC3N4-CLDH composite emerges as a highly promising solution for sustainable water treatment. Humic acid (HA) in water significantly slows SMX degradation, suggests complicating SMX degradation with natural organic matter. Despite this, the gC3N4-CLDH composite effectively degrades SMX in groundwater and industrial wastewater, with slight efficiency reduction in the latter due to higher impurity levels. These findings highlight the complexities of treating pharmaceutical pollutants in various water types. Overall, gC3N4-CLDH\'s high removal efficiency, broad pH applicability, sustainability, and mechanistic insights provide a solid foundation for future research and real-world environmental applications.