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BACKGROUND: Lemierre\'s syndrome is a fatal and rare disease that is typically characterized by oropharyngeal infection and internal jugular vein thrombosis. Timely institution of appropriate antibiotics is the standard treatment.
METHODS: The authors report a case of Lemierre\'s syndrome. A 67-year-old male patient of Han ethnicity in China suffered from a large inflammatory neck mass involving left internal jugular vein thrombosis diagnosed as Lemierre\'s syndrome and finally cured by surgical treatment. In addition, a literature review was carried out through PubMed using the terms \"Lemierre\'s syndrome/disease and review, meta-analysis or retrospective study\" and \"Lemierre\'s syndrome/disease and internal jugular vein\". This search yielded six articles that recorded surgical methods such as drainage, craniotomy, tooth extraction, and ligation of the occluded vein to give clinicians more ideas about the treatment of the Lemierre\'s syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first review to summarize the conditions under which surgical treatment are conducted. Additionally, this is the first report of such a large inflammatory neck mass that was completely cured by surgical resection and internal jugular vein ligation. The authors also offer several conclusions regarding surgical intervention in Lemierre\'s syndrome for the first time.

Lemierre\'s syndrome is a rare clinical syndrome of septic thrombophlebitis following a bacterial oropharyngeal infection. Lemierre\'s syndrome can be difficult to recognise and has significant morbidity. We report the case of a young man with Lemierre\'s syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, who responded well to 2 weeks of beta-lactam therapy.
UNASSIGNED: This case report summarises the key presenting features of Lemierre\'s syndrome and provides a brief literature review considering the South African context.

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BACKGROUND: Lemierre syndrome is a rare, potentially fatal complication of oropharyngeal infections characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It primarily affects healthy adolescents and young adults. Its incidence declined after the antibiotic era, but it may have resurged in recent decades, likely due to judicious antibiotic use and increasing bacterial resistance. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
METHODS: Lemierre syndrome has been called \"the forgotten disease,\" with a reported incidence of around 3.6 cases per million. The mean age at presentation is around 20 years old, though it can occur at any age. Lemierre Syndrome follows an oropharyngeal infection, most commonly pharyngitis, leading to septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. F. necrophorum is the classic pathogen, though other organisms are being increasingly isolated. Metastatic infections, especially pulmonary, are common complications. Contrast-enhanced CT of the neck confirming internal jugular vein thrombosis is the gold standard for diagnosis. Long-course broad-spectrum IV antibiotics covering anaerobes are the mainstays of the disease\'s treatment. Anticoagulation may also be considered. Mortality rates are high without treatment, but most patients recover fully with appropriate therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: Lemierre syndrome should be suspected in patients with prolonged pharyngitis followed by unilateral neck swelling and fevers. Early diagnosis and prompt antibiotic therapy are key, given the potential for disastrous outcomes if untreated. An increased awareness of Lemierre syndrome facilitates its timely management.

UNASSIGNED: Head and neck photoimmunotherapy (HN-PIT) uses a combination of drugs and laser illumination to specifically destroy tumor cells. Lemierre\'s syndrome is an infectious disease with severe systemic symptoms caused by prior infection in the pharyngeal region, leading to thrombophlebitis. Here, we report a case of Lemierre\'s syndrome that developed after HN-PIT for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
UNASSIGNED: A 68-year-old male with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma) underwent HN-PIT after local recurrence with chemoradiation therapy. Three months after HN-PIT, the patient developed fever and neck pain, which led to a diagnosis of Lemierre\'s syndrome. The patient was treated with antibiotics and anticoagulants for at least 1 month. The patient\'s general condition and inflammatory findings on blood sampling showed gradual improvement, and a follow-up cervicothoracic computed tomography imaging showed that the venous thrombus had been obscured and the patient was doing well.
UNASSIGNED: HN-PIT is a high-risk procedure for the development of Lemierre\'s syndrome due to irradiation-induced mucositis, and anticipating the development of Lemierre\'s syndrome during HN-PIT is important.

BACKGROUND: Given the widespread prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), oral and neck examinations tend to be avoided in patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This might delay the diagnosis of conditions such as Lemierre\'s syndrome, which involves symptoms resembling COVID-19-related throat manifestations.
METHODS: A 24-year-old man without any underlying conditions was diagnosed with COVID-19 7 days before presentation. He was admitted to another hospital 1 day before presentation with severe COVID-19 and suspected bacterial pneumonia; accordingly, he was started on treatment with remdesivir and meropenem. Owing to bacteremic complications, the patient was transferred to our hospital for intensive care. On the sixth day, the patient experienced hemoptysis; further, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed new pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms. Successful embolization was performed to achieve hemostasis. In blood cultures conducted at the previous hospital, Fusobacterium nucleatum was isolated, suggesting a cervical origin of the infection. A neck CT scan confirmed a peritonsillar abscess and left internal jugular vein thrombus; accordingly, he was diagnosed with Lemierre\'s syndrome. The treatment was switched to ampicillin/sulbactam, based on the drug susceptibility results. After 6 weeks of treatment, the patient completely recovered without complications.
CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the significance of thorough oral and neck examinations in patients with suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 for the detection of throat and neck symptoms caused by other conditions.

Lemierre\'s syndrome, also known as anaerobic post-anginal septicemia, necrobacillosis, and the \"forgotten disease,\" is a rare manifestation. It is often presented with sepsis, sore throat, fever, neck pain, internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis/thrombosis, and septic emboli. The bacteria that are usually associated with the disease are Fusobacterium species, but it is also associated with Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and other bacterial species. The diagnosis of Lemierre\'s syndrome is made based on evidence of septic thrombophlebitis, preceding oropharyngeal infection, and positive culture. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics directed toward the causative organism. The use of anticoagulation, although controversial, is shown to be beneficial by several studies. We describe a middle-aged patient who presented with a sore throat, neck pain, and dysphagia. Imaging of the neck and chest revealed right jugular thrombosis along with septic emboli in the lungs. The culture of the blood and pus drained from the peritonsillar abscess grew Streptococcus anginosus. In this study, we have illustrated the effective management of Lemierre\'s syndrome with antibiotics, anticoagulants, and needle aspiration of abscess.

Lemierre\'s syndrome is a rare, life-threatening complication of an acute oropharyngeal infection. It is generally characterised by pharyngitis secondary to Fusobacterium necrophorum, causing thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and sepsis, with subsequent formation of septic emboli that can rapidly spread to different organ sites. The condition is associated with high mortality if treatment with antibiotics is delayed, and recent evidence suggests that patients are at significant risk of in-hospital morbidity and long-term neurological sequelae. Although it is agreed that antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, there is currently no consensus on the use of anticoagulation in the condition. This review article aims to summarise our current understanding of Lemierre\'s syndrome with regard to its definition, epidemiology, microbiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Lemierre\'s Syndrome is a severe medical condition that can result from oropharyngeal infection, typically caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, leading to sepsis, internal jugular vein thrombosis, and metastatic septic emboli. However, there is limited literature on this syndrome caused by Streptococcus anginosus, and few previous cases have been reported to have deep neck space infection. We present the first case of Lemierre\'s Syndrome caused by Streptococcus anginosus with deep neck abscess.
METHODS: A 53-year-old male patient with no significant medical history presented with right neck pain after accidentally swallowing a fish bone one month ago. Laryngoscopy did not reveal any abnormalities. Five days prior to admission, the patient developed high fever. Imaging studies showed internal jugular vein thrombosis and a neck abscess surrounding the carotid artery sheath. Blood culture results were positive for Streptococcus anginosus infection, and the patient was diagnosed with Lemierre\'s syndrome. The patient underwent surgical drainage and received antibiotics and anticoagulant therapy, and had satisfactory clinical progress. He was discharged after a 16-day hospitalization.
CONCLUSIONS: Although Lemierre\'s syndrome is rare, it needs attention because it can lead to serious complications and requires timely treatment. Deep neck space infections can be life-threatening and doctors must be aware of its potential severity.