Despite their ubiquity, Mesolithic lithic tools given as funerary offerings have rarely been studied in detail. Whereas personal ornaments (e.g. beads, pendants) are commonly interpreted as markers of social identity and status, archaeologists have struggled to understand the stone tools, commonly regarded as \"utilitarian\" items. As a result, this class of grave goods has not received the same level of attention, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of Mesolithic mortuary behaviours. Our research challenges long-lasting perceptions of lithic tools as strictly utilitarian objects and draws on studies of one of the most substantial stone axe funerary collections from one of the largest Stone Age cemeteries in Europe-Zvejnieki, Latvia. Evidence suggests the selection of unused axes as grave offerings, while unusual wear traces on an axe found in a female grave (no 57) raises questions about its use in the burial rites. Using a multi-proxy approach, we compare life histories of axes placed in burials to those recovered from contemporary, nearby settlement contexts. Finally, a strong correlation between axes and women and children at Zvejnieki challenges gendered stereotypes of stone tools, historically regarded as possessions of the adult male members of Stone Age societies.

In the ever-evolving healthcare landscape, ancient healing traditions cast a profound shadow, offering insights and inspirations that resonate with modern medical practice. This paper explores the enduring influence of shamanic and Hippocratic healing traditions on contemporary healthcare, examining their contributions to holistic health approaches, diagnostic techniques, and ethical standards. The Hippocratic emphasis on observation, clinical experience, and ethical principles laid the foundation for modern Western medicine, while shamanic practices highlight the importance of spiritual and psychological dimensions in healing. The comparative analysis reveals both commonalities and distinctions among various ancient practices, such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and indigenous healing systems, emphasizing their holistic understanding of health and the use of natural remedies. Cross-cultural exchanges, from the Silk Road to the Islamic Golden Age and beyond, facilitated the integration and dissemination of medical knowledge, enriching global medical traditions. The paper also discusses the impact of these ancient practices on contemporary healthcare systems, highlighting the resurgence of holistic and integrative medicine, the validation and incorporation of herbal remedies, and the challenges of cultural appropriation and scientific validation. By embracing the wisdom of ancient healing traditions and fostering collaboration between traditional and modern medicine, contemporary healthcare can enhance therapeutic options, promote patient-centered care, and address global health challenges with a more inclusive and compassionate approach. This integration holds promise for the future of healthcare, benefiting individuals and communities worldwide.

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Xuezheng Quanji(«») written by Sun Guangyu, a doctor in the Ming Dynasty, is the first known book on blood disorders in China. The book mainly deals with bleeding. The book begins with a collection of the Neijing and the treatises of the sages, focusing on systematically summarizing the theories and experiences of the past dynasties in the treatment of bleeding, interspersed with Sun\'s own opinions.The main part discusses four types of bleeding, summarizing Sun\'s profound experience in clinical practice, and many of his personal creative opinions.In terms of causes,Sun believed that there are three causes of bleeding and more due to heat. In terms of treatment,he opposed the abuse of bitter cold and attached great importance to nourishing yin and strengthening kidney and proposed four treatment methods of dispelling stasis, nourishing Yin and suppressing Yang, regulating Qi and blood, and tonifying deficiency. He advocated that bleeding should not be treated quickly, and emphasized that the disease should be judged according to the bleeding location and bleeding color to use herbs flexibly.Special attention should be paid to daily life care during and after illness as well.
《血症全集》由明代医家孙光裕所著，是中国现知第一部血症专书。从书中内容看，其专论出血症。全书先收集《内经》及先贤论说，重心在于系统归纳历代治疗出血症的理论与经验，其间穿插孙氏本人见解。主体部分主要论述4种出血症，总结了孙氏本人临床实践中的深刻体会，多有个人创见。在病因方面，孙氏主张“血分三因”而多因火热，在治疗方面反对滥用苦寒而重视滋阴壮水，提出了逐瘀散滞、滋阴抑阳、理气导血、调中补虚4个治疗大法，主张出血不求速治，强调根据出血何处、出血色质，判断脏腑经络所病，灵活用药，并且重视病时及病后的生活起居调养。.

Humans processed gypsum for their everyday use at least 7000 years ago. They have been using fixed limb methods for fracture treatment for nearly 5000 years. Hippocrates recognized the importance of the splint and the \"roller bandage\" for fracture treatment, and made the bandage hard by adding wax, pitch, lard or resin to the multi-layer cloth bandage, but not gypsum. Arabian physician El Zahrawi (936 -1013) also described a clay glue mixture, and flour and egg white as fracture fixation materials. From 970, Persian physician Muwafak used gypsum as the exclusive material for fracture fixation. The rudimentary form of modern plaster bandages was developed in the mid-19th century and spread widely after that, using methods from the Russian Pyrogov by soaking canvas in a gypsum slurry and Dutchman Massson wrapped gypsum powder in cotton cloth strips.
人类加工和使用石膏并用于建筑和生活用具中至少有7 000年的历史。而将石膏用于骨折固定，首次文献记载是在公元970年，波斯医师穆瓦法克用石膏浆浇注的方法固定小腿骨折。虽然从希波克拉底时代开始，在欧洲大陆、埃及、中国等地区，先后有在绷带上添加蜡、沥青、油脂或树脂，以及粘土胶混合物、面粉和蛋清等物质使绷带变硬的方法，但均不能像石膏那样快速硬化。直到19世纪中期，分别由俄国的皮罗戈夫用帆布浸泡在石膏浆中的方法，以及荷兰的马西森用布条包夹石膏粉的方法，才形成了现代石膏绷带的雏形，并迅速在全世界推广。.

The theory of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) is the representative of the knowledge construction of ancient anatomy, reflecting the academic thought of Huatuo\'s school. Through deeply analyzing the classic theory of acupuncture and its cultural and historical materials, it is believed that the five-body constituents are the structural basis of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2), qi and blood are the material one, while biaoben (the sites where meridian qi gathers and diffuses) and qijie (the common pathways through which meridian qi gathers) indicate its functions. Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) reveals the rules of the transverse distribution of meridian points and the relevant indications, providing the theoretic foundation for acupuncture treatment. It highlights the importance of the anatomical knowledge in acupuncture effect and proposes a new idea for establishing an effective classification system of meridian points.
华佗夹脊穴作为以古代解剖知识建立起来的代表性理论，反映了华佗一派的学术思想。通过对针灸经典理论和文史资料的挖掘，认为五体是华佗夹脊穴的结构基础，血气是其物质基础，标本、气街是其功能体现；华佗夹脊穴揭示了经穴横向分布与主治相关的规律，为针灸治疗提供了理论依据；强调熟悉解剖知识对针灸疗效的重要性，提出了建立有效的经穴分类体系的新思路。.

Based on Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor\'s Internal Classic), combined with the Huangdi Mingtang Jing JiJiao (Compilation and Correction of Yellow Emperor\'s Mingtang Classic) and unearthed Tianhui Yijian (Tianhui Medical Bamboo Slips), it is recognized that the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) were recorded repeatedly in many medical works of the Qin and Han dynasties; and the treatments mostly focus on \"upward reversion of qi \". In Huangdi Mingtang Jing (Yellow Emperor\'s Mingtang Classic), a part of symptoms were re-described textually, which affects the understanding on the indications of Fenglong (ST 40) in the medical works of the later generations. On the basis of the construction of phlegm theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars of Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties had placed the emphasis on the relationship between phlegm and qi movement. In acupuncture works by Dou Hanqing, Fenglong (ST 40) was selected in treatment of phlegm dampness and phlegm-induced asthma, which is also based on the pathogenesis, \"upward reversion of qi \", rather than \"phlegm\" itself. This view can be understood by the proof of \"reducing Zusanli (ST 36) for eliminating wind\". The relationship between Fenglong (ST 40) and phlegm was emphasized in Yulong Ge (Jade Dragon Verse) and Zhenfang Liuji (Six Sets of Acupuncture Methods), after which, the understanding, \" Fenglong (ST 40), the key point for phlegm disorders\", had been formed gradually since the Ming dynasty. The formation and evolution of the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) are influenced comprehensively by the errors in textual duplication, cultural background, changes in the term expressions of disorders, and the clinical experience of medical practitioners.
基于传世文献《黄帝内经》，结合《黄帝明堂经辑校》以及出土文献《天回医简》，认为秦汉时期诸医籍中丰隆穴主治病症多有重合，且所针对病机多为“气逆”，《黄帝明堂经》对部分症状的文字表述改写后，影响了后世医籍对丰隆穴主治的认识。在隋唐时期痰病理论构建的基础上，宋金元医家重视痰与气机之间的关系，窦汉卿针灸著述中治疗“痰饮”“痰喘”选取丰隆穴，也是针对“气逆”这一病机，并非针对“痰”之本身，且可结合“三里泻之，以去风”佐证。经《玉龙歌》《针方六集》强调丰隆穴与“痰”之间的关系后，自明代以来逐渐形成丰隆为“治痰要穴”这一认识。丰隆穴主治病症的形成与演变受文本传抄讹误、文化背景影响、病症名称表述形式转变以及医家自身临床经验等因素的综合作用。.

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Few studies have combined the analysis of use-wear traces, traceology, and the proteomic taxonomic identification method Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). Traceology provides information on the usage, in this case, of bone artefacts, while ZooMS allows for taxonomic identifications where diagnostic features are otherwise gone. The approaches therefore offer complementary information on bone artefacts, allowing for insights into species selection strategies in bone tool manufacture and their subsequent use. Here we present a case study of 20 bone artefacts, mainly bone points, from the Early Neolithic cave site of Coro Trasito located on the southern slope of the Central Pyrenees. Hitherto, studies on Early Neolithic bone artefacts from the Iberian Peninsula have suggested based on morphological assessments that Ovis aries/Capra hircus constituted the majority of the bone material selected for bone tool production. However, the taxonomic identification in this study suggests that, at this site, Cervidae was selected equally to that of O. aries/C. hircus. Furthermore, bone artefacts made from Cervidae specimens seem to be utilised in a wider range of artefact types compared to O. aries/C. hircus. Coro Trasito\'s bone artefact species composition is probably site-specific to some degree, however, morphological assessments of bone artefacts might not be representative and could be biased towards certain species. Therefore, research on bone artefacts\' usage could possibly gain new insights by implementing ZooMS in combination with traceology.

The aim of our article is to highlight the history of pain management. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) concept in confronting pain was first conceptualized by the Hippocratics, and has evolved through time and become a trend in medicine over recent decades. Documentary research was conducted to unveil the story of the evolution of MDTs. From the early 1950\'s the idea of an MDT approach to deal with various types of pain was sporadically introduced in medicine. Studies encouraged health institutions to support this concept by providing health professionals with training, alongside the necessary facilities and resources. Specialized care programs started with Dame Cicely Mary Strode Saunders as one of the pioneers. CONCLUSIONS: Team work and continuous interdisciplinary treatment of pain have rendered MDTs essential for health systems. Barriers in flexibility, information flow and personal issues give rise to the need for better organization and training. Pain and terminal disease palliation call for MDTs, and educated leaders to run them. Present and future health MDTs are considered necessary in all medical fields.