This paper includes a short description of the important clinical aspects of Bipolar Disorder with emphasis on issues that are important for the therapeutic considerations, including mixed and psychotic features, predominant polarity, and rapid cycling as well as comorbidity.
The workgroup performed a review and critical analysis of the literature concerning grading methods and methods for the development of guidelines.
The workgroup arrived at a consensus to base the development of the guideline on randomized controlled trials and related meta-analyses alone in order to follow a strict evidence-based approach. A critical analysis of the existing methods for the grading of treatment options was followed by the development of a new grading method to arrive at efficacy and recommendation levels after the analysis of 32 distinct scenarios of available data for a given treatment option.
The current paper reports details on the design, method, and process for the development of CINP guidelines for the treatment of Bipolar Disorder. The rationale and the method with which all data and opinions are combined in order to produce an evidence-based operationalized but also user-friendly guideline and a specific algorithm are described in detail in this paper.

Pain might be a powerful diagnostic tool, but it is at the same time an intensely private and subjective experience that represents a formidable problem in the communication between physician and patient. Galen addresses (principally in De locis affectis) the problem of constructing a consistent and univocal terminology for different pain sensations, rejecting the system proposed earlier by Archigenes on the grounds that he relies on metaphorical descriptors which indiscriminately incorporate terms belonging to information generated by all the senses, fails to conform to patient testimony, and refers to ambiguous concepts. Galen sets himself the task of developing a system of proper or literal (kyrios) terms for pain sensations, even despite the apparent ineffability of certain sensations and laymen\'s imprecise self-analysis and description of their suffering. His pain vocabulary, developed through a combination of consensus between patients and physicians\' expert descriptions of their own pain, promises to link terminology univocally to sensation, turning patients\' testimony about their subjective experience of pain into universally applicable diagnostic guidance.

Structural interventions to historic stone masonry buildings require that both structural and heritage values be considered simultaneously. The absence of one of these value systems in implementation can be regarded as an unethical professional action. The research objective of this article is to prepare a guideline for ensuring ethical structural interventions to small-scale stone historic masonry buildings in the conservation areas of Northern Cyprus. The methodology covers an analysis of internationally accepted conservation documents and national laws related to the conservation of historic buildings, an analysis of building codes, especially Turkish building codes, which have been used in Northern Cyprus, and an analysis of the structural interventions introduced to a significant historic building in a semi-intact state in the walled city of Famagusta. This guideline covers issues related to whether buildings are intact or ruined, the presence of earthquake risk, the types of structural decisions in an architectural conservation project, and the values to consider during the decision making phase.

Stroke continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the USA and worldwide. This article will emphasize the need for good laboratory practices, transparent scientific reporting, and the use of translational research models representative of the disease state to develop effective treatments. This will allow for the testing and development of new innovative strategies so that efficacious therapies can be developed to treat ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This article recommends guidelines for effective translational research, most importantly, the need for study blinding, study group randomization, power analysis, accurate statistical analysis, and a conflict of interest statement. Additional guidelines to ensure reproducibility of results and confirmation of efficacy in multiple species are discussed.

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Developments in the treatment of hydrocephalus and its outcome are traced from the time of Hippocrates up to the present day. Various factors that have been suspected of influencing the outcome are discussed and their relative importance for long-term outcome is reviewed.

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Fever being one of the best known symptoms, and appearing so frequently that it is often assimilated to \"illness\", has brought us to try and find out what \"fever\" means in a general way; in other words, we examined its medical and scientific concept throughout the centuries. In the course of primitive and archaic periods, fever, as well as diseases, was placed in the supernatural sphere and was reserved to magico-religious practices. Hippocrates will change this method by devoting himself to meticulous clinical observation, considering fever as a sign of illness, and by characterizing the different types of fever. When considering the mechanisms of its appearance, he will stick to the theory of \"body-humors\" and the \"theories of numbers.\" Galenos will adapt that theory to Aristotle\'s philosophy and, doing so, he made it last for several centuries. The Renaissance will place critical thinking higher than slavish acceptance of theories, but it will not start any revolution in the appreciation of fevers. The possibility of contagion is mentioned, but the latter will only be well established by Pasteur and Koch. The breakthrough of microscopy into pathology will have to wait for Virchow. Thermometry will have to wait two centuries between Santorio and Wunderlich. The fever-concept will stay vague until experimental physiology and medicine will acquire their vested rights owing to Magendie and Bernard. They will moreover be followed by the microbiological era. The breakthrough will be the consequence of experimental proofs of the existence of a temperature-centre located in the hypothalamus and the pre-optic area. The discovery of endogenous as well as exogenous pyrogens has contributed to the creation of rational models which cover nearly completely the problem of body-temperature and fever. This long way did not progress as a regularly favourable evolution but, now and again, appeared figureheads who allowed us to approach the truth nearer and nearer.